Navigating interfacial challenges in lithium metal batteries: from fundamental understanding to practical realization.

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) hold immense potential as next-generation energy storage systems due to their exceptionally high theoretical energy density. However, their commercialization is hindered by persistent interfacial instabilities that accelerate capacity degradation and limit cycle life. A major challenge lies in the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), whose composition and structure critically influence lithium deposition behavior, electrolyte stability, and overall battery performance. This review examines key aspects of SEI stability and its impact on battery performance, highlighting recent advancements in electrolyte engineering and surface modification strategies aimed at enhancing interfacial stability. Beyond laboratory-scale optimizations, we discuss key considerations for translating these advancements into industrial applications, highlighting the importance of practical testing protocols to bridge the gap between fundamental research and real-world deployment.