Murphy H A, Hutchison J M, Bailey J S
J Appl Behav Anal. 1983 Spring;16(1):29-35. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1983.16-29.
This research focuses on the inappropriate, largely aggressive, behaviors of 344 K-2 children assigned to a playground prior to the beginning of the school day. Initially, a system for observing large numbers of children freely roaming over a large, open area was developed. This observational method was then used to determine the effectiveness of providing organized games for reducing potentially dangerous playground behaviors. Using a reversal (ABAB) design, it was found that the games, rope jumping, and foot racing, along with an infrequently used time-out procedure, significantly reduced the frequency of inappropriate incidents. It is suggested that when dealing with large groups, antecedent environmental manipulations may be more practical than providing consequences for the behaviors exhibited by identified individuals.
本研究聚焦于344名在上学日开始前被安排到操场的幼儿园至二年级儿童的不当行为，这些行为大多具有攻击性。最初，开发了一种用于观察大量儿童在广阔开放区域自由活动的系统。然后，运用这种观察方法来确定提供有组织的游戏对于减少操场上潜在危险行为的有效性。采用反转（ABAB）设计发现，跳绳、赛跑等游戏以及一种不常用的暂停程序显著降低了不当事件的发生频率。研究表明，在处理大群体时，对环境的前期操控可能比针对个别个体所表现出的行为施加后果更为可行。
