Léonard A, Gerber G B, Jacquet P
Mutat Res. 1981 Jul;87(1):1-15. doi: 10.1016/0165-1110(81)90002-6.
Nickel is widely used in the metallurgical industry, and although not released extensively into the environment, may represent a hazard to human health. Owing to their low absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, nickel compounds, except nickel carbonyl, are essentially non-toxic after ingestion. Epidemiological investigations and experimental studies have demonstrated that certain nickel compounds are extremely potent carcinogens after inhalation, but also that the carcinogenic risk is limited to conditions of occupational exposure. The relatively small number of mutagenicity studies performed up to now do not yet allow definite conclusions as to whether nickel is mutagenic. Nickel can cross the placenta and has embryotoxic and teratogenic properties. The principal hazard of nickel to man, beside its carcinogenicity, however, is its ability to provoke reactions of sensitization.
镍在冶金工业中广泛应用，尽管其不会大量释放到环境中，但可能对人类健康构成危害。由于镍化合物从胃肠道的吸收率较低，除羰基镍外，摄入后基本无毒。流行病学调查和实验研究表明，某些镍化合物吸入后是极强的致癌物，但致癌风险仅限于职业暴露情况。到目前为止进行的相对较少的致突变性研究尚无法就镍是否具有致突变性得出明确结论。镍可穿过胎盘，具有胚胎毒性和致畸性。然而，镍对人类的主要危害，除其致癌性外，是其引发致敏反应的能力。
