Wekell J C, Gauglitz E J, Barnett H J, Hatfield C L, Simons D, Ayres D
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA 98112.
Nat Toxins. 1994;2(4):197-205. doi: 10.1002/nt.2620020408.
The presence of domoic acid in aquatic species was reported for the first time in the United States in the late summer of 1991 in Monterey Bay, California. By October of 1991, domoic acid was found in razor clams (Siliqua patula) and in the viscera of Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) along the coasts of Washington and Oregon. In response to this outbreak, the National Marine Fisheries Service, in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Fisheries began analysis of Washington State razor clams for the period from November 1991 to June 1993. This survey indicated that domoic acid levels in the edible portion of the razor clams peaked in December of 1991 (average of all Washington state coastal sites: 106 ppm) and followed a slow decline to the present day low levels (< 5 ppm). Sixteen months after the maximum level, domoic acid has not completely disappeared from the razor clams from the Washington State beaches. Unlike mussels (Mytilus edulis), where the toxin is found only in the viscera, domoic acid distributes itself throughout the various body parts of the razor clam. The highest concentration occurs in the foot or "digger" and the lowest in the siphon or "neck." The concentration of domoic acid in the razor clam foot reached a high of 230 ppm.
1991年夏末，美国首次报道在加利福尼亚州蒙特雷湾的水生物种中检测到软骨藻酸。到1991年10月，在华盛顿州和俄勒冈州沿海的剃刀蛤（Siliqua patula）以及珍宝蟹（Cancer magister）的内脏中发现了软骨藻酸。针对此次爆发，美国国家海洋渔业局与华盛顿州渔业部合作，于1991年11月至1993年6月期间对华盛顿州的剃刀蛤进行了分析。这项调查表明，剃刀蛤可食用部分的软骨藻酸含量在1991年12月达到峰值（华盛顿州所有沿海地区的平均值：106 ppm），随后缓慢下降至目前的低水平（<5 ppm）。在达到最高水平后的16个月里，华盛顿州海滩上的剃刀蛤体内的软骨藻酸并未完全消失。与贻贝（Mytilus edulis）不同，贻贝体内的毒素仅在内脏中发现，而软骨藻酸在剃刀蛤的各个身体部位均有分布。最高浓度出现在足部或“挖掘器”中，最低浓度出现在虹吸管或“颈部”。剃刀蛤足部的软骨藻酸浓度高达230 ppm。
