Gratz N G, Jany W C
American Cyanamid Company, Lahaska, Pennsylvania.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;50(6 Suppl):11-20.
Vector-borne diseases including dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, leishmaniasis, and filariasis remain severe public health problems in most of the countries in which they are endemic. In some cases, their incidence is increasing and they are spreading to new geographic areas. For a number of the infections, the most effective manner of controlling their transmission is through control of their vectors. However, in some instances, such as dengue and Chagas' disease, there is no alternative. Most countries that are endemic for vector-borne diseases maintain vector control services, and most large tropical and semitropical cities also have pest control programs, mainly against pest mosquitoes. Virtually all of the vector and pest control programs depend on the use of insecticides formulated as larvicides, adulticides, baits, or insecticide impregnated bed nets. For many years, the development of new insecticides for use in public health programs was encouraged and supported by multilateral and bilateral health agencies, including the implementation of field trials in endemic areas. Due to the development of insecticide resistance, toxicologic and environmental considerations, and the cost of development and of registration, the number of compounds available for use has declined while the number of new insecticides submitted for laboratory and field trials to the World Health Organization has dwindled even more. The recrudescence of vector-borne diseases, the rapid pace of urbanization, lagging development of environmental services in many tropical cities, and difficulties encountered in ensuring the community's cooperation in its own protection through environmental measures make imperative the continued availability of pesticides for public health use. Since only the pesticide manufacturing industry has the combination of technical and financial resources to promulgate the research and development of new pesticides and pesticide groups, it is suggested that governments, bilateral, and multilateral organizations explore the manner in which they can assist industry in the development of new compounds and guarantee the continued availability of effective and safe pesticides for vector-control programs.
包括登革热、黄热病、日本脑炎、疟疾、利什曼病和丝虫病在内的媒介传播疾病，在大多数流行这些疾病的国家中，仍然是严重的公共卫生问题。在某些情况下，它们的发病率正在上升，并且正在蔓延到新的地理区域。对于许多感染而言，控制其传播的最有效方式是通过控制其病媒。然而，在某些情况下，如登革热和恰加斯病，别无他法。大多数流行媒介传播疾病的国家都设有病媒控制服务机构，而且大多数大型热带和亚热带城市也都有虫害控制项目，主要针对害虫蚊子。几乎所有的病媒和害虫控制项目都依赖于使用配制成杀幼虫剂、杀虫剂、诱饵或浸有杀虫剂的蚊帐的杀虫剂。多年来，多边和双边卫生机构鼓励并支持开发用于公共卫生项目的新型杀虫剂，包括在流行地区开展田间试验。由于杀虫剂抗药性的发展、毒理学和环境方面的考虑因素，以及开发和注册成本，可供使用的化合物数量有所下降，而提交给世界卫生组织进行实验室和田间试验的新型杀虫剂数量减少得更多。媒介传播疾病的复发、城市化的快速发展、许多热带城市环境服务发展滞后，以及在通过环境措施确保社区自身保护方面遇到的困难，使得公共卫生用杀虫剂必须持续供应。由于只有农药制造业具备推动新型农药和农药类别研发所需的技术和资金资源，因此建议各国政府、双边和多边组织探讨如何协助该行业开发新化合物，并确保持续供应有效且安全的杀虫剂用于病媒控制项目。
