Belsky J, Woodworth S, Crnic K
Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
Child Dev. 1996 Apr;67(2):556-78.
3 questions regarding family interaction in the second year of life are addressed in this report on 69 families rearing firstborn sons. Question 1 concerns the identification, via cluster analysis, of families having difficulty managing their child, using codings of narrative records of family interaction when children were 15 and 21 months of age. Parents in families identified as "troubled" at each age tried to control their toddlers most often, were least likely to rely upon control-plus-guidance management strategies, had children who defied them most frequently, and experienced the greatest escalation of negative affect in these control encounters. Families identified as "troubled" at both 15 and 21 months had children who received the highest "externalizing" problem scores at 18 months and mothers who experienced the most daily hassles during the second year. Question 2 concerns the antecedents of "trouble in the second year." Discriminant function analyses indicated that membership in the groups of families that appeared troubled at both ages of measurement (n = 15), at only one age (n = 28), or never (n = 26) could be reliably predicted (hit rate = 71%) using a set of 9 measurements of parent personality, child emotionality/temperament, marital quality, work-family relations, and social support, suggested by Belsky's model of the determinants of parenting, and social class. Question 3 concerns the proposition that extensive nonmaternal care in the first year is a risk factor for troubled family functioning in the second year. As hypothesized, prediction analysis showed that families at moderate and high contextual risk (based on 10 antecedent variables pertaining to Question 2), were significantly more likely to experience trouble in the second year when children experienced 20 or more hours per week of nonmaternal care in their first year, and these results could not be attributed to "selection effects."
本报告针对69个养育头胎儿子的家庭，探讨了与一岁儿童家庭互动相关的三个问题。问题1涉及通过聚类分析，利用儿童15个月和21个月大时家庭互动的叙事记录编码，识别难以管教孩子的家庭。在每个年龄段被认定为“问题家庭”的父母，最常试图控制他们的幼儿，最不可能依赖控制加引导的管理策略，孩子最频繁地违抗他们，并且在这些控制冲突中负面情绪的升级最为严重。在15个月和21个月时都被认定为“问题家庭”的孩子，在18个月时“外化”问题得分最高，其母亲在第二年经历的日常烦恼最多。问题2关注“第二年出现问题”的前因。判别函数分析表明，使用一组由贝尔斯基育儿决定因素模型及社会阶层所建议的9项测量指标，包括父母个性、孩子情绪/气质、婚姻质量、工作与家庭关系以及社会支持，能够可靠地预测（命中率 = 71%）在两个测量年龄都表现出问题的家庭组（n = 15）、仅在一个年龄表现出问题的家庭组（n = 28）或从未表现出问题的家庭组（n = 26）。问题3关注这样一个命题，即第一年大量的非母亲照料是第二年家庭功能出现问题的一个风险因素。正如所假设的那样，预测分析表明，处于中度和高度情境风险（基于与问题2相关的10个前因变量）的家庭，当孩子在第一年每周接受20小时或更多的非母亲照料时，在第二年更有可能出现问题，而且这些结果不能归因于“选择效应”。
