Bradlow A R, Nygaard L C, Pisoni D B
Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-4090, USA.
Percept Psychophys. 1999 Feb;61(2):206-19. doi: 10.3758/bf03206883.
This study investigated the encoding of the surface form of spoken words using a continuous recognition memory task. The purpose was to compare and contrast three sources of stimulus variability--talker, speaking rate, and overall amplitude--to determine the extent to which each source of variability is retained in episodic memory. In Experiment 1, listeners judged whether each word in a list of spoken words was "old" (had occurred previously in the list) or "new." Listeners were more accurate at recognizing a word as old if it was repeated by the same talker and at the same speaking rate; however, there was no recognition advantage for words repeated at the same overall amplitude. In Experiment 2, listeners were first asked to judge whether each word was old or new, as before, and then they had to explicitly judge whether it was repeated by the same talker, at the same rate, or at the same amplitude. On the first task, listeners again showed an advantage in recognition memory for words repeated by the same talker and at same speaking rate, but no advantage occurred for the amplitude condition. However, in all three conditions, listeners were able to explicitly detect whether an old word was repeated by the same talker, at the same rate, or at the same amplitude. These data suggest that although information about all three properties of spoken words is encoded and retained in memory, each source of stimulus variation differs in the extent to which it affects episodic memory for spoken words.
本研究使用连续识别记忆任务调查了口语单词表面形式的编码。目的是比较和对比刺激变异性的三个来源——说话者、语速和总体振幅——以确定每个变异性来源在情景记忆中被保留的程度。在实验1中，听众判断一串口语单词中的每个单词是“旧的”（之前在列表中出现过）还是“新的”。如果同一个说话者以相同的语速重复某个单词，听众将其识别为旧词时会更准确；然而，以相同总体振幅重复的单词在识别上没有优势。在实验2中，听众首先像之前一样被要求判断每个单词是旧的还是新的，然后他们必须明确判断该单词是否由同一个说话者、以相同的语速或相同的振幅重复。在第一个任务中，听众再次在识别记忆方面表现出对由同一个说话者以相同语速重复的单词的优势，但在振幅条件下没有优势。然而，在所有三种条件下，听众都能够明确检测出一个旧词是否由同一个说话者、以相同的语速或相同的振幅重复。这些数据表明，尽管关于口语单词所有三个属性的信息都被编码并保留在记忆中，但每个刺激变化来源在影响口语单词情景记忆的程度上有所不同。
