Hertel G, Kerr N L, Messé L A
University of Kiel, Institut für Psychologie, Germany.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000 Oct;79(4):580-601.
In contrast to many demonstrations of social loafing, relatively few studies have documented group motivation gains. One such exception was O. Köhler's (1926, 1927) finding that team members working together did better at a taxing persistence task than would be expected from their individual performances, particularly when there was a moderate discrepancy in coworkers' capabilities. In Experiment 1, we developed a paradigm within which Köhler's overall motivation gain effect could be replicated, although the discrepancy in coworkers' capabilities did not moderate these motivation gains (after statistical artifacts were taken into account). Experiment 2 indicated that this motivation gain occurred under conjunctive but not under additive task demands, suggesting that the instrumentality of one's contribution to valued outcomes is a more likely explanation of the Köhler effect than social comparison processes.
与许多关于社会惰化的研究不同，记录群体动机提升的研究相对较少。一个这样的例外是O. 克勒（1926年、1927年）的发现，即团队成员共同完成一项艰巨的持续性任务时，其表现比根据他们各自的表现预期的要好，尤其是当同事能力存在适度差异时。在实验1中，我们开发了一种范式，在这种范式下可以复制克勒的总体动机提升效应，尽管同事能力的差异并没有调节这些动机提升（在考虑了统计假象之后）。实验2表明，这种动机提升发生在联合任务要求下，而不是在累加任务要求下，这表明一个人的贡献对有价值结果的工具性作用比社会比较过程更有可能是克勒效应的解释。
