Enrichment and properties of a 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene-dechlorinating methanogenic microbial consortium.

A methanogenic microbial consortium capable of reductively dechlorinating 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) was enriched from a mixture of polluted sediments. 1,2,4-TCB was dechlorinated via 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) to chlorobenzene (CB). Lactate, which was used as an electron donor during the enrichment, was converted via propionate and acetate to methane. Glucose, ethanol, methanol, propionate, acetate, and hydrogen were also suitable electron donors for dechlorination, whereas formate was not. The addition of 5% (wt/vol) sterile Rhine River sand was necessary to maintain the dechlorinating activity of the consortium. The addition of 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid (BrES) inhibited methanogenesis completely but had no effect on the dechlorination of 1,2,4-TCB. The consortium was also able to dechlorinate other chlorinated benzenes via various simultaneous pathways to 1,3,5-TCB, 1,2-DCB, 1,3-DCB, or CB as an end product. The addition of BrES inhibited several of the simultaneously occurring dechlorination pathways of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene and of pentachlorobenzene, which resulted in the formation of CB as the only final product. Hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were dechlorinated after a lag phase of ca. 15 days, showing a dechlorination pattern that is different from those observed for lower chlorinated benzenes: only chlorines with two adjacent chlorines were removed. The results show that the consortium possesses at least three distinct dechlorination activities toward chlorinated benzenes and PCBs.