Multan Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (MINAR), Multan, Pakistan.
Harm Reduct J. 2008 May 24;5:19. doi: 10.1186/1477-7517-5-19.
We have recently published some work on CEA levels in hookah (also called narghile, shisha elsewhere) and cigarette smokers. Hookah smokers had higher levels of CEA than non-smokers although mean levels were low compared to cigarette smokers. However some of them were also users of other tobacco products (cigarettes, bidis, etc.).
To find serum CEA levels in ever/exclusive hookah smokers, i.e. those who smoked only hookah (no cigarettes, bidis, etc.), prepared between 1 and 4 times a day with a quantity of up to 120 g of a tobacco-molasses mixture each (i.e. the tobacco weight equivalent of up to 60 cigarettes of 1 g each) and consumed in 1 to 8 sessions.
Enhanced chemiluminescent immunometric technique was applied to measure CEA levels in serum samples from 59 exclusive male smokers with age ranging from 20-80 years (mean = 58.8 +/- 14.7 years) and 8-65 years of smoking (mean = 37.7 +/- 16.8). 36 non-smokers served as controls. Subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the number of preparations; the number of sessions and the total daily smoking time: Light (1; 1; < or = 20 minutes); Medium (1-3; 1-3; >20 min to < or = 2 hrs) and Heavy smokers (2-4; 3-8; >2 hrs to < or = 6 hrs). Because of the nature of distribution of CEA levels among our individuals, Wilcoxon's rank sum two-sample test was applied to compare the variables.
The overall CEA levels in exclusive hookah smokers (mean: 3.58 +/- 2.61 ng/ml; n = 59) were not significantly different (p < or = 0.0937) from the levels in non-smokers (2.35 +/- 0.71 ng/ml). Mean levels in light, medium and heavy smokers were: 1.06 +/- 0.492 ng/ml (n = 5); 2.52 +/- 1.15 ng/ml (n = 28) and 5.11 +/- 3.08 ng/ml (n = 26) respectively. The levels in medium smokers and non-smokers were also not significantly different (p < or = 0.9138). In heavy smokers, the CEA levels were significantly higher than in non-smokers (p < or = 0.0001567).
Overall CEA levels in exclusive hookah smokers were low compared to cigarette smokers. However, heavy hookah smoking substantially raises CEA levels. Low-nitrosamines smokeless tobacco of the SNUS Swedish type could be envisaged as an alternative to smoking for this category of users and also, in a broad harm reduction perspective, to the prevalent low-quality moist snuff called naswar.
我们最近发表了一些关于水烟（也称为 narghile、shisha 在其他地方）和香烟吸烟者中 CEA 水平的研究。水烟吸烟者的 CEA 水平高于非吸烟者，尽管与香烟吸烟者相比，平均水平较低。然而，他们中的一些人也使用其他烟草制品（香烟、比迪烟等）。
在仅吸食水烟（不吸食香烟、比迪烟等）的水烟烟民中发现血清 CEA 水平，即每天吸食 1 到 4 次，每次使用多达 120 克的烟草-糖蜜混合物（即相当于每天吸食 1 到 8 次，每次 1 克的香烟 60 支）。
采用增强化学发光免疫测定技术测量 59 名年龄在 20-80 岁（平均=58.8±14.7 岁）和 8-65 岁之间的男性水烟烟民血清样本中的 CEA 水平（平均=37.7±16.8 岁）。8 名非吸烟者作为对照。根据制剂数量、吸烟次数和每日总吸烟时间，将受试者分为 3 组：轻度（1；1；≤20 分钟）；中度（1-3；1-3；>20 分钟至<或=2 小时）和重度吸烟者（2-4；3-8；>2 小时至<或=6 小时）。由于 CEA 水平在我们个体中的分布性质，应用 Wilcoxon 秩和两样本检验比较变量。
在仅吸食水烟的吸烟者（n=59）中，CEA 水平的总体水平（均值：3.58±2.61ng/ml）与非吸烟者（2.35±0.71ng/ml）相比无显著差异（p<或=0.0937）。轻、中、重度吸烟者的平均水平分别为：1.06±0.492ng/ml（n=5）；2.52±1.15ng/ml（n=28）和 5.11±3.08ng/ml（n=26）。中重度吸烟者与非吸烟者的水平也无显著差异（p<或=0.9138）。在重度吸烟者中，CEA 水平明显高于非吸烟者（p<或=0.0001567）。
与香烟吸烟者相比，仅吸食水烟的吸烟者的 CEA 水平总体较低。然而，重度吸食水烟会显著提高 CEA 水平。与目前流行的低质量湿鼻烟纳瓦斯尔相比，瑞典型 SNUS 低亚硝胺无烟烟草可以作为该类使用者吸烟的替代品，从广义的减少伤害的角度来看，也可以作为低质量湿鼻烟纳瓦斯尔的替代品。
