Hertsgaard Louise A, Hanson Karen, Hecht Stephen S, Lindgren Bruce R, Luo Xianghua, Carmella Steven G, Riley William T, Zylla Emily B, Murphy Sharon E, Hatsukami Dorothy K
University of Minnesota Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, 2701 University Avenue Southeast, 201, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Dec;17(12):3337-43. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0307.
Previous studies with adult smokers have shown an association between number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and levels of biomarkers of exposure to the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). This study compared carcinogen and nicotine exposure in adolescent and adult smokers across categories of CPD.
Baseline smoking history and biomarker data were merged from six studies to make two samples: one of adolescent smokers and one of adult smokers. Metabolites of NNK, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and its glucuronides (NNAL-Gluc) and total cotinine were quantified in urine.
CPD was stratified into categories of 5 to 10, 11 to 15, and 16 to 20 CPD. Adolescents tended to have lower mean levels of NNAL plus NNAL-Glucs (total NNAL) compared with adults, although differences were not significant overall. Adolescent mean levels of NNAL/CPD were significantly lower than adult levels only in the 11 to 15 CPD category (P = 0.045). However, a significant positive relationship was observed for total NNAL/CPD by age. No significant differences between adolescents and adults were found in mean levels of total cotinine or cotinine/CPD. A subsample of urines from adolescents and adults were analyzed for NNAL-Glucs and NNAL. Adolescents and adults did not significantly differ in the ratio of NNAL-Glucs to NNAL.
Adolescent uptake of NNK and nicotine tends to be lower although not statistically different from adults. The lack of significant differences may be due to the wide variation in exposure in adolescents. Some adolescent smokers are exposed to lung carcinogens at levels similar to those of adults.
先前针对成年吸烟者的研究表明，每日吸烟量（CPD）与烟草特异性肺致癌物4-（甲基亚硝胺基）-1-（3-吡啶基）-1-丁酮（NNK）的生物标志物暴露水平之间存在关联。本研究比较了不同CPD类别的青少年和成年吸烟者的致癌物和尼古丁暴露情况。
将六项研究的基线吸烟史和生物标志物数据合并，形成两个样本：一个是青少年吸烟者样本，另一个是成年吸烟者样本。对尿液中的NNK代谢物4-（甲基亚硝胺基）-1-（3-吡啶基）-1-丁醇（NNAL）及其葡萄糖醛酸苷（NNAL-Gluc）和总可替宁进行定量分析。
CPD被分为5至10、11至15和16至20 CPD类别。与成年人相比，青少年的NNAL加NNAL-Glucs（总NNAL）平均水平往往较低，尽管总体差异不显著。仅在11至15 CPD类别中，青少年的NNAL/CPD平均水平显著低于成年人（P = 0.045）。然而，按年龄观察到总NNAL/CPD存在显著的正相关关系。青少年和成年人在总可替宁或可替宁/CPD的平均水平上没有显著差异。对青少年和成年人尿液的一个子样本进行了NNAL-Glucs和NNAL分析。青少年和成年人在NNAL-Glucs与NNAL的比例上没有显著差异。
青少年对NNK和尼古丁的摄入量往往较低，尽管与成年人在统计学上没有差异。缺乏显著差异可能是由于青少年暴露情况的广泛差异。一些青少年吸烟者接触肺致癌物的水平与成年人相似。
