Perry Brian, Grace Delia
College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, , PO Box 437, Gilgil 20116, Kenya.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Sep 27;364(1530):2643-55. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0097.
Poverty is now at the heart of development discourse; we discuss how it is measured and understood. We next consider the negative and positive impacts of livestock on pro-poor development. Taking a value-chain approach that includes keepers, users and eaters of livestock, we identify diseases that are road blocks on the 'three livestock pathways out of poverty'. We discuss livestock impacts on poverty reduction and review attempts to prioritize the livestock diseases relevant to the poor. We make suggestions for metrics that better measure disease impact and show the benefits of more rigorous evaluation before reviewing recent attempts to measure the importance of disease to the poor. High impact of a disease does not guarantee high benefits from its control; other factors must be taken into consideration, including technical feasibility and political desirability. We conclude by considering how we might better understand and exploit the roles of livestock and improved animal health by posing three speculative questions on the impact of livestock diseases and their control on global poverty: how can understanding livestock and poverty links help disease control?; if global poverty reduction was the aim of livestock disease control, how would it differ from the current model?; and how much of the impact of livestock disease on poverty is due to disease control policy rather than disease itself?
贫困如今已成为发展议题的核心；我们探讨贫困如何被衡量以及如何被理解。接下来，我们将考量畜牧业对扶贫发展的消极和积极影响。采用一种涵盖畜牧饲养者、使用者和食用者的价值链方法，我们识别出那些阻碍“三条摆脱贫困的畜牧途径”的疾病。我们讨论畜牧业对减贫的影响，并审视为与贫困人口相关的畜牧疾病确定优先次序的尝试。我们针对能更好衡量疾病影响的指标提出建议，并在审视近期衡量疾病对贫困人口重要性的尝试之前，展示更严格评估的益处。一种疾病的高影响并不保证对其进行控制就能带来高收益；必须考虑其他因素，包括技术可行性和政治可取性。我们通过提出三个关于畜牧疾病及其控制对全球贫困影响的推测性问题来作结，思考如何能更好地理解和利用畜牧业及改善动物健康的作用：理解畜牧与贫困的联系如何有助于疾病控制？；如果将全球减贫作为畜牧疾病控制的目标，它与当前模式会有何不同？；以及畜牧疾病对贫困的影响有多少归因于疾病控制政策而非疾病本身？
