Polyethylene and metal wear particles: characteristics and biological effects.

This paper first presents a brief overview about the mechanism of wear particle formation as well as wear particle characteristics in metal-on-polyethylene and metal-on-metal artificial hip joints. The biological effects of such particles are then described, focusing on the inflammatory response induced by each type of particles as well as on how metal wear products may be the source of a T lymphocyte-mediated specific immune response, early adverse tissue responses, and genotoxicity. Finally, some of the current in vivo models used for the analysis of tissue response to various wear particles are presented.