Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Aug;77(15):5170-7. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00583-11. Epub 2011 Jun 10.
To evaluate membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment virus removal, a study was conducted in southwest France. Samples collected from plant influent, an aeration basin, membrane effluent, solid sludge, and effluent biweekly from October 2009 to June 2010 were analyzed for calicivirus (norovirus and sapovirus) by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) using extraction controls to perform quantification. Adenovirus and Escherichia coli also were analyzed to compare removal efficiencies. In the influent, sapovirus was always present, while the norovirus concentration varied temporally, with the highest concentration being detected from February to May. All three human norovirus genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV) were detected in effluent, but GIV was never detected in effluent; GI and GII were detected in 50% of the samples but at low concentrations. In the effluent, sapovirus was identified only once. An adenovirus titer showing temporal variation in influent samples was identified only twice in effluent. E. coli was always below the limit of detection in the effluent. Overall, the removal of calicivirus varied from 3.3 to greater than 6.8 log units, with no difference between the two main genogroups. Our results also demonstrated that the viruses are blocked by the membrane in the treatment plant and are removed from the plant as solid sludge.
为了评估膜生物反应器废水处理的病毒去除效果，在法国西南部进行了一项研究。从 2009 年 10 月至 2010 年 6 月，每两周从工厂进水、曝气池、膜出水、固体污泥和废水采集样本，通过实时逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）使用提取对照物进行分析，以定量检测肠道病毒（诺如病毒和星状病毒）。还分析了腺病毒和大肠杆菌，以比较去除效率。在进水中，始终存在星状病毒，而诺如病毒浓度随时间变化，最高浓度出现在 2 月至 5 月。在废水中检测到三种人类诺如病毒基因型（GI、GII 和 GIV），但从未在废水中检测到 GIV；GI 和 GII 在 50%的样本中检测到，但浓度较低。在废水中，仅检测到一次肠道病毒。在进水中呈时间变化的腺病毒滴度仅在两次出现在废水中。大肠杆菌在废水中始终低于检测限。总的来说，肠道病毒的去除率从 3.3 到大于 6.8 个对数单位不等，两种主要基因型之间没有差异。我们的结果还表明，病毒在处理厂被膜阻断，并作为固体污泥从工厂中去除。
