Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85287-1104, USA.
J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2011 Jul;72(4):602-10. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2011.72.602.
According to the acquired preparedness model (APM), personality traits related to disinhibition (i.e., impulsivity and sensation seeking) may influence the learning process, contributing to individual differences in cognitions (e.g., expectations about outcomes) that may contribute to engagement in and consequences of risk behaviors, including alcohol use. Although there is strong support for the APM, longitudinal studies have involved short-term follow-ups, and the relevance of the APM for alcohol-related consequences has not been clearly established.
Participants were 2,245 (59.9% female) incoming freshmen who completed the first of eight web-based surveys during the summer before college matriculation. Structural equation modeling was used to test a comprehensive longitudinal APM for both alcohol use and related consequences. Multigroup models were used to examine measurement and structural invariance by gender.
Positive (but not negative) alcohol expectancies during freshman year of college partially mediated the relation between senior year of high school disinhibition and both alcohol use and related problems during the fourth year of college, and multigroup models suggested that the relationships proposed in the APM operated similarly for women and men.
This study demonstrates the temporal relations proposed in the APM across a longer period (4 years) than in previous studies among a large sample of ethnically diverse students. Further, the results are the first to validate the APM with respect to drinking consequences while controlling for levels of alcohol use. The results lend support for brief interventions targeting positive alcohol expectancies, particularly for individuals high in trait disinhibition.
根据习得准备模型（APM），与抑制解除相关的人格特质（即冲动性和寻求刺激）可能会影响学习过程，导致认知（例如对结果的期望）方面的个体差异，从而导致风险行为（包括饮酒）的参与和后果。尽管对 APM 的支持很强烈，但纵向研究涉及短期随访，并且 APM 对与酒精相关的后果的相关性尚未明确确定。
参与者为 2245 名（59.9%为女性）即将进入大学的新生，他们在大学入学前的暑假期间完成了八次在线调查中的第一次。结构方程模型用于测试酒精使用和相关后果的全面纵向 APM。多组模型用于检查性别测量和结构不变性。
大学一年级时的积极（而非消极）的酒精期望部分中介了高中高年级的抑制解除与大学四年级的酒精使用和相关问题之间的关系，多组模型表明，APM 中提出的关系对女性和男性的运作方式相似。
与之前在不同种族学生中进行的研究相比，这项研究在更长的时间（4 年）内展示了 APM 中提出的时间关系，并且在控制酒精使用水平的情况下，首次验证了 APM 与饮酒后果之间的关系。研究结果支持针对积极的酒精期望的简短干预措施，特别是针对具有特质抑制解除的个体。
