UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
Neuron. 2012 Sep 20;75(6):951-62. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.030.
Until recently, the study of plasticity of neural circuits focused almost exclusively on potentiation and depression at excitatory synapses on principal cells. Other elements in the neural circuitry, such as inhibitory synapses on principal cells and the synapses recruiting interneurons, were assumed to be relatively inflexible, as befits a role of inhibition in maintaining stable levels and accurate timing of neuronal activity. It is now evident that inhibition is highly plastic, with multiple underlying cellular mechanisms. This Review considers these recent developments, focusing mainly on functional and structural changes in GABAergic inhibition of principal cells and long-term plasticity of glutamateric recruitment of inhibitory interneurons in the mammalian forebrain. A major challenge is to identify the adaptive roles of these different forms of plasticity, taking into account the roles of inhibition in the regulation of excitability, generation of population oscillations, and precise timing of neuronal firing.
直到最近，神经回路可塑性的研究几乎完全集中在主细胞上兴奋性突触的增强和抑制上。神经回路中的其他元素，如主细胞上的抑制性突触和招募中间神经元的突触，被认为是相对不灵活的，因为它们在抑制作用中起到维持神经元活动的稳定水平和精确时间的作用。现在很明显，抑制作用具有高度的可塑性，其背后有多种细胞机制。这篇综述考虑了这些最近的发展，主要关注于哺乳动物大脑中海马体中 GABA 能抑制性主细胞的功能和结构变化，以及谷氨酸能招募抑制性中间神经元的长期可塑性。一个主要的挑战是确定这些不同形式可塑性的适应作用，同时考虑抑制作用在调节兴奋性、产生群体振荡和精确神经元放电时间方面的作用。
