Sharma Nikhil, Classen Joseph, Cohen Leonardo G
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;110:3-12. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52901-5.00001-0.
In this chapter we address the phenomena of neural plasticity, operationally defined as the ability of the central nervous system to adapt in response to changes in the environment or lesions. At the cellular level, we discuss basic changes in membrane excitability, synaptic plasticity as well as structural changes in dendritic and axonal anatomy that support behavioral expressions of plasticity and functional recovery. We consider the different levels at which these changes can occur and possible links with modification of cognitive strategies, recruitment of new/different neural networks, or changes in strength of such connections or specific brain areas in charge of carrying out a particular task (i.e., movement, language, vision, hearing). The study of neuroplasticity has wide-reaching implications for understanding reorganization of action and cognition in the healthy and lesioned brain.
在本章中，我们探讨神经可塑性现象，其在操作上被定义为中枢神经系统响应环境变化或损伤而进行适应的能力。在细胞水平上，我们讨论膜兴奋性的基本变化、突触可塑性以及树突和轴突解剖结构的结构变化，这些变化支持可塑性的行为表现和功能恢复。我们考虑这些变化可能发生的不同水平，以及与认知策略改变、新的/不同神经网络的募集，或执行特定任务（即运动、语言、视觉、听觉）的此类连接或特定脑区强度变化的可能联系。神经可塑性的研究对于理解健康和受损大脑中行为和认知的重组具有广泛的意义。
