Nutrition and Dietetic Service, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia.
J Sports Sci Med. 2007 Dec 1;6(4):538-42. eCollection 2007.
It is recognized that much of the dietary data on adolescents and athletes is prone to reporting error, mostly through under-reporting. Nevertheless, in the majority of studies assessing the nutritional intake of young soccer players under-reporting has not been taken into consideration. The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary intake of a sample of young male Italian high-level soccer players on two time points to evaluate the degree of under- reporting. Seventy-five male high level soccer players (age range: 15-17 years) completed 4-day food records on two separate occasions (T0; T1, 3 months after T0). Under-reporting was assessed by the ratio of reported estimated energy intake (EEI) to estimated energy expenditure (EEE). Forty- three subjects, whose food records were judged accurate enough both at T0 and T1, were included in the data analysis (inclusion rate 57.3%). No significant weight changes were documented between T0 and T1 and in the two weeks preceding both T0 and T1. Reported mean daily energy intake was significantly lower than mean estimated daily energy expenditure both at T0 and T1 (p < 0.001). The average EEI/EEE ratio was 0.75 + 0.2 both at T0 and T1. It was ≤ 80% in 27 subjects (62.8%) at T0 and in 23 (53.4%) at T1; it reached 50% in 4 subjects both at T0 and T1. The degree of under- reporting of the young soccer players was in line with the available data on this age group. This study emphasizes that under-reporting is a critical issue in the evaluation of young athletes dietary intake, which should be considered in the interpretation of data, particularly when energy inadequacies are reported. Further studies with uniformed methods are needed, in order to reduce the degree of under-reporting, obtain reliable data on the dietary intake of young soccer players and evaluate the efficacy of targeted nutrition education programs. Key pointsUnder-reporting is a critical issue in the evaluation of young athletes' dietary intake, which should be always considered in the interpretation of data.The young athletes' motivation and parents' co-operation are key points that should be enhanced in this kind of studies.The nutritional intakes of young Italian high-level soccer players are likely to be qualitative inadequate, due to excessive cholesterol and very poor fiber intakes.
人们认识到，青少年和运动员的大部分饮食数据都容易出现报告错误，主要是通过少报。尽管如此，在大多数评估年轻足球运动员营养摄入的研究中，都没有考虑到少报的情况。本研究的目的是评估一组年轻的意大利高水平足球运动员在两个时间点的饮食摄入情况，以评估少报的程度。75 名年龄在 15-17 岁的男性高水平足球运动员（年龄范围）分别在两个不同的时间点完成了 4 天的食物记录（T0；T1，在 T0 后 3 个月）。通过报告的估计能量摄入（EEI）与估计能量消耗（EEE）的比值来评估少报程度。在 T0 和 T1 时，43 名受试者的食物记录被认为足够准确，将他们纳入数据分析（纳入率为 57.3%）。在 T0 和 T1 之间以及在 T0 和 T1 之前的两周内，没有记录到体重的显著变化。报告的平均每日能量摄入在 T0 和 T1 时均明显低于平均估计每日能量消耗（均<0.001）。T0 和 T1 时的平均 EEI/EEE 比值均为 0.75+0.2。在 T0 时，有 27 名受试者（62.8%）≤80%，在 T1 时，有 23 名受试者（53.4%）≤80%；在 T0 和 T1 时，有 4 名受试者的 EEI/EEE 比值均达到 50%。年轻足球运动员的少报程度与该年龄组的可用数据一致。本研究强调，少报是评估年轻运动员饮食摄入的一个关键问题，在解释数据时应始终考虑这一问题，特别是在报告能量不足时。需要进一步采用统一的方法进行研究，以减少少报程度，获得年轻足球运动员饮食摄入的可靠数据，并评估有针对性的营养教育计划的效果。关键点少报是评估年轻运动员饮食摄入的一个关键问题，在解释数据时应始终考虑这一问题。年轻运动员的动机和家长的合作是此类研究中需要加强的关键点。由于胆固醇摄入量过高和膳食纤维摄入量非常低，意大利年轻高水平足球运动员的营养摄入量可能存在质量不足的情况。
