Crespo Rafael Herranz, Domene Mercedes Moreno, Rodríguez María Jesús Prieto
Radiopathology Centre and Radiotherapy Oncology Department, Gregorio Marañon University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
Biological Dosimetry Laboratory, Radiopathology Centre, Gregorio Marañon University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2011 Jul 16;16(4):131-7. doi: 10.1016/j.rpor.2011.06.003.
When investigating radiation accidents, it is very important to determine the exposition dose to the individuals. In the case of exposures over 1 Gy, clinicians may expect deterministic effects arising the following weeks and months, in these cases dose estimation will help physicians in the planning of therapy. Nevertheless, for doses below 1 Gy, biodosimetry data are important due to the risk of developing late stochastic effects. Finally, some accidental overexposures are lack of physical measurements and the only way of quantifying dose is by biological dosimetry.
The analysis of chromosomal aberrations by different techniques is the most developed method of quantifying dose to individuals exposed to ionising radiations.(1,2) Furthermore, the analysis of dicentric chromosomes observed in metaphases from peripheral lymphocytes is the routine technique used in case of acute exposures to assess radiation doses.
Solid stain of chromosomes is used to determine dicentric yields for dose estimation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for translocations analysis is used when delayed sampling or suspected chronically irradiation dose assessment. Recommendations in technical considerations are based mainly in the IAEA Technical Report No. 405.(2.)
Experience in biological dosimetry at Gregorio Marañón General Hospital is described, including own calibration curves used for dose estimation, background studies and real cases of overexposition.
Dose assessment by biological dosimeters requires a large previous standardization work and a continuous update. Individual dose assessment involves high qualification professionals and its long time consuming, therefore requires specific Centres. For large mass casualties cooperation among specialized Institutions is needed.
在调查辐射事故时，确定个体所受照射剂量非常重要。对于超过1 Gy的照射情况，临床医生可能预期在接下来的数周和数月会出现确定性效应，在这些情况下，剂量估算将有助于医生制定治疗方案。然而，对于低于1 Gy的剂量，由于存在发生晚期随机效应的风险，生物剂量测定数据很重要。最后，一些意外过度照射缺乏物理测量，唯一量化剂量的方法是通过生物剂量测定。
通过不同技术分析染色体畸变是量化受电离辐射个体剂量最成熟的方法。(1,2)此外，分析外周血淋巴细胞中期观察到的双着丝粒染色体是急性照射情况下用于评估辐射剂量的常规技术。
采用染色体固体染色法确定双着丝粒产率以进行剂量估算。当进行延迟采样或疑似慢性照射剂量评估时，使用荧光原位杂交（FISH）进行易位分析。技术考量方面的建议主要基于国际原子能机构第405号技术报告。(2)
描述了格雷戈里奥·马拉尼翁综合医院的生物剂量测定经验，包括用于剂量估算的自身校准曲线、背景研究以及过度照射的实际案例。
通过生物剂量计进行剂量评估需要大量前期标准化工作以及持续更新。个体剂量评估需要高素质专业人员且耗时较长，因此需要特定的中心。对于大量伤亡情况，需要专业机构之间的合作。
