Mudili Venkataramana, Siddaih Chandra Nayaka, Nagesh Madhukar, Garapati Phanikumar, Naveen Kumar Kalagatur, Murali Harishchandra Sreepathi, Yli Mattila Tapani, Batra Harsh Vardan
DRDO-BU Centre for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore-641 046, Tamilnadu, India.
J Sci Food Agric. 2014 Oct;94(13):2674-83. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6608. Epub 2014 Mar 7.
In this study, mould incidence and mycotoxin contamination were determined in freshly harvested maize samples collected from different agroclimatic regions of India. A total of 150 freshly harvested maize samples from major maize-growing areas of India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu) were collected during winter seasons 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 to determine their toxigenic fungal incidences, and mycotoxins were analyzed and quantified by high-perfomance liquid chromatography. A total of 288 fungal isolates comprising Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium species were tested for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin) and fumonisin B1 (FB1). Chemotype determination of fungal isolates was carried out by molecular and chemical analysis through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and high-performance thin layer chromatography respectively. The diversity and distribution of the mycoflora among the studied samples were recorded in terms of frequency, density, importance value index and diversity indices.
A total of 288 fungal isolates were recovered from the 150 maize samples, of which 28 were positive for AFB1, 20 for OTA, 58 for FB1, 23 for DON and 11 for T-2 toxin chemotypes by PCR. Species-specific PCR assays were in line with morphological analysis. Toxigenic fungal incidences were found throughout the study region, and most of the toxins under study exceeded the maximum legal limits. The range of observed toxin concentrations were 48-58 µg AFB1, 76-123 µg FB1, 38-50 µg T-2, 72-94 µg DON and <5 µg OTA kg⁻¹ grain sample.
Owing to the high incidences of toxigenic moulds and mycotoxins in the study area, there is a need for the creation of mycotoxin awareness among maize farmers of India to control the chronic adverse health effects on humans and livestock due to mycotoxins.
在本研究中，对从印度不同农业气候区采集的新鲜收获玉米样本进行了霉菌发生率和霉菌毒素污染情况的测定。在2010 - 2011年和2011 - 2012年冬季，从印度主要玉米种植区（卡纳塔克邦、安得拉邦和泰米尔纳德邦）共采集了150份新鲜收获的玉米样本，以确定其产毒真菌的发生率，并通过高效液相色谱法对霉菌毒素进行分析和定量。对总共288株包括镰刀菌属、曲霉属和青霉属的真菌分离株进行了黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）、赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）、单端孢霉烯族毒素（脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）和T - 2毒素）以及伏马菌素B1（FB1）的检测。分别通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）和高效薄层色谱法对真菌分离株进行分子和化学分析以确定化学型。根据频率、密度、重要值指数和多样性指数记录了所研究样本中真菌区系的多样性和分布情况。
从150份玉米样本中总共分离出288株真菌，其中通过PCR检测，有28株AFB1呈阳性，20株OTA呈阳性，58株FB1呈阳性，23株DON呈阳性，11株T - 2毒素化学型呈阳性。种特异性PCR检测结果与形态学分析一致。在整个研究区域均发现了产毒真菌的存在，并且所研究的大多数毒素超过了法定最大限量。观察到的毒素浓度范围为48 - 58μg AFB1、76 - 123μg FB1、38 - 50μg T - 2、72 - 94μg DON和<5μg OTA kg⁻¹谷物样本。
由于研究区域中产毒霉菌和霉菌毒素的高发生率，有必要提高印度玉米种植农民对霉菌毒素的认识，以控制霉菌毒素对人类和牲畜造成的慢性健康不良影响。
