Laakasuo Michael, Palomäki Jussi, Salmela Mikko
Cognitive Science Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,
J Gambl Stud. 2015 Sep;31(3):933-47. doi: 10.1007/s10899-014-9454-5.
Poker is a social game, where success depends on both game strategic knowledge and emotion regulation abilities. Thus, poker provides a productive environment for studying the effects of emotional and social factors on micro-economic decision making. Previous research indicates that experiencing negative emotions, such as moral anger, reduces mathematical accuracy in poker decision making. Furthermore, various social aspects of the game—such as losing against "bad players" due to "bad luck"—seem to fuel these emotional states. We designed an Internet-based experiment, where participants' (N = 459) mathematical accuracy in five different poker decision making tasks were assessed. In addition, we manipulated the emotional and social conditions under which the tasks were presented, in a 2 × 2 experimental setup: (1) Anger versus neutral emotional state—participants were primed either with an anger-inducing, or emotionally neutral story, and (2) Social cue versus non-social cue—during the tasks, either an image of a pair of human eyes was "following" the mouse cursor, or an image of a black moving box was presented. The results showed that anger reduced mathematical accuracy of decision making only when participants were "being watched" by a pair of moving eyes. Experienced poker players made mathematically more accurate decisions than inexperienced ones. The results contribute to current understanding on how emotional and social factors influence decision making accuracy in economic games.
扑克是一种社交游戏，其胜负既取决于游戏策略知识，也取决于情绪调节能力。因此，扑克为研究情绪和社会因素对微观经济决策的影响提供了一个有效的环境。先前的研究表明，体验负面情绪，如道德愤怒，会降低扑克决策中的数学准确性。此外，游戏的各种社会因素，比如因“运气不好”输给“差劲的玩家”，似乎会加剧这些情绪状态。我们设计了一项基于互联网的实验，评估了参与者（N = 459）在五种不同扑克决策任务中的数学准确性。此外，我们在一个2×2的实验设置中，操纵了呈现任务时的情绪和社会条件：（1）愤怒情绪与中性情绪状态——参与者被一个引发愤怒的故事或一个情绪中性的故事所引导；（2）社会线索与非社会线索——在任务过程中，要么是一双人眼的图像“跟随”鼠标光标，要么是一个黑色移动盒子的图像。结果表明，只有当参与者被一双移动的眼睛“注视”时，愤怒才会降低决策的数学准确性。有经验的扑克玩家在数学上做出的决策比没有经验的玩家更准确。这些结果有助于当前对情绪和社会因素如何影响经济游戏中决策准确性的理解。
