Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;811:135-56. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-8739-0_8.
Colloidal nanoparticles designed for the interactions with cells are very small, nanoscale objects usually consisting of inorganic cores and organic shells that are dispersed in a buffer or biological medium. By tuning the material properties of the nanoparticles a number of different biological applications of nanomaterials are enabled i.e. targeting, labelling, drug delivery, use as diagnostic tools or therapy. For all biological applications of nanoparticles, it is important to understand their interactions with the surrounding biological environment in order to predict their biological impact, in particular when designing the nanoparticles for diagnostic and therapeutic purpose. Due to the high surface-to-volume ratio, the surface of nanomaterials is very reactive. When exposed to biological fluids, the proteins and biomolecules present therein tend to associate with the nanoparticles' surface. This phenomenon is defined as biomolecular corona formation. The biomolecular corona plays a key role in the interaction between nanoparticles and biological systems, impacting on how these particles interact with biological systems on a cellular and molecular level. This book chapter describes the nature of the interactions at the bio-nano interface, shows the design strategy of nanoparticles for nanomedicine, and defines the concepts of biomolecular corona and biological identity of nanoparticles. Moreover, it describes the interaction of functionalised nanomaterials with cell organelles and intracellular fate of nanoparticles and it shows therapeutic application of gold nanoparticles as dose enhancers in radiotherapy.
专为与细胞相互作用而设计的胶体纳米粒子是非常小的纳米级物体，通常由无机核和有机壳组成，分散在缓冲液或生物介质中。通过调整纳米粒子的材料特性，可以实现纳米材料的许多不同的生物应用，例如靶向、标记、药物传递、用作诊断工具或治疗。对于纳米粒子的所有生物应用，了解它们与周围生物环境的相互作用非常重要，以便预测它们的生物影响，特别是在设计用于诊断和治疗目的的纳米粒子时。由于高的表面积与体积比，纳米材料的表面非常活跃。当暴露于生物流体时，其中存在的蛋白质和生物分子往往与纳米粒子的表面结合。这种现象被定义为生物分子冠形成。生物分子冠在纳米粒子与生物系统之间的相互作用中起着关键作用，影响这些粒子如何在细胞和分子水平上与生物系统相互作用。本章描述了生物纳米界面的相互作用的性质，展示了用于纳米医学的纳米粒子的设计策略，并定义了生物分子冠和纳米粒子的生物特性的概念。此外，它还描述了功能化纳米材料与细胞器的相互作用以及纳米粒子的细胞内命运，并展示了金纳米粒子作为放射治疗增敏剂的治疗应用。
