Imai Hisato, Kim Dongho, Sasaki Yuka, Watanabe Takeo
Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912; and Department of Psychology, Gakushuin University, Toshimaku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan.
Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912; and.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Dec 2;111(48):17326-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1404469111. Epub 2014 Nov 17.
Although it is well known that reward enhances learning and memory, how extensively such enhancement occurs remains unclear. To address this question, we examined how reward influences retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) in which the retrieval of a nonpracticed item under the same category as a practiced item is worse than the retrieval of a nonpracticed item outside the category. Subjects were asked to try to encode category-exemplar pairs (e.g., FISH-salmon). Then, they were presented with a category name and a two-letter word stem (e.g., FISH-sa) and were asked to complete an encoded word (retrieval practice). For a correct response, apple juice was given as a reward in the reward condition and a beeping sound was presented in the no-reward condition. Finally, subjects were asked to report whether each exemplar had been presented in the first phase. RIF was replicated in the no-reward condition. However, in the reward condition, RIF was eliminated. These results suggest that reward enhances processing of retrieval of unpracticed members by mechanisms such as spreading activation within the same category, irrespective of whether items were practiced or not.
尽管众所周知奖励能增强学习和记忆，但这种增强的程度究竟如何仍不清楚。为了解决这个问题，我们研究了奖励如何影响提取诱发遗忘（RIF），即在同一类别中未练习项目的提取比该类别外未练习项目的提取更差的现象。受试者被要求尝试对类别-示例对进行编码（例如，鱼类-鲑鱼）。然后，向他们呈现一个类别名称和一个双字母词干（例如，鱼类-sa），并要求他们完成一个已编码的单词（提取练习）。对于正确回答，在奖励条件下给予苹果汁作为奖励，在无奖励条件下则发出哔哔声。最后，要求受试者报告每个示例在第一阶段是否被呈现过。在无奖励条件下重复出现了提取诱发遗忘。然而，在奖励条件下，提取诱发遗忘被消除了。这些结果表明，奖励通过诸如同一类别内扩散激活等机制增强了对未练习成员提取的加工，而不管项目是否被练习过。
