Leslie Edwina E C, Christley Robert M, Geong Maria, Ward Michael P, Toribio Jenny-Ann L M L
The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW, Australia.
University of Liverpool, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infectious and Global Health, Liverpool, England.
Prev Vet Med. 2015 Mar 1;118(4):293-305. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.12.002. Epub 2014 Dec 11.
Knowledge of live animal movement through markets and from farm-to-farm is needed to inform strategies for control of trans-boundary animal diseases (TADs) in south-east Asia, particularly due to consumer preference for fresh meat. In eastern Indonesia a TAD of principal interest for control is classical swine fever (CSF) due to its impacts on smallholder farmers. Pig movement is considered a contributor to failure of current CSF control efforts but pig movement patterns are not well understood. This study investigated movement of live pigs in West Timor, Flores and Sumba islands during 2009-2010, with the aim of informing CSF control policies for Nusa Tenggara Timor province. A market survey of 292 pig sellers and 281 pig buyers across nine live pig markets and a farmer survey across 18 villages with 289 smallholder farmers were conducted and information collected on pig movements. The data obtained was used for social network analysis (SNA) on formal (via a market) and informal (village-to-village) movements using information on trading practices, source and destination locations, and the number of pigs being moved. Both inter- and intra-island movements were identified, however inter-island movement was only observed between Flores and Sumba islands. West Timor and Sumba had highly connected networks where large numbers of villages were directly and indirectly linked through pig movement. Further for West Timor, both formal and informal pig movements linked the capital Kupang, on the eastern end of the island to the western districts bordering East Timor connecting all five districts and demonstrating that informal movement transports pigs over distances similar to formal movement on this island. Sumba had a higher potential for pigs to move to a greater number of sequential locations across the entire island. Flores was found to have a more fragmented network, with pig movements concentrated in its eastern or western regions, influenced by terrain. Markets were confirmed as high-risk locations for the introduction and spread of disease, having over 20 contacts (based on in- and out-degree values) depending on operational day. Villages considered high-risk for CSF spread via informal movements were characterised by higher volume of pig exits and/or linkage to higher numbers of other villages. These findings demonstrate that informal movement (often related to cultural practices) can be extensive and the high level of connectivity dictates that control strategies for CSF and other highly transmissible diseases must be formulated at the provincial level and in collaboration with East Timor.
了解活畜在市场间以及农场与农场之间的流动情况，对于制定东南亚跨界动物疾病（TADs）防控策略至关重要，特别是考虑到消费者对鲜肉的偏好。在印度尼西亚东部，由于对小农户产生影响，经典猪瘟（CSF）是主要关注的一种跨界动物疾病。猪的流动被认为是当前经典猪瘟防控努力失败的一个因素，但猪的流动模式尚未得到充分了解。本研究调查了2009 - 2010年期间西帝汶、弗洛雷斯和松巴岛的生猪流动情况，旨在为东努沙登加拉省的经典猪瘟防控政策提供依据。对九个生猪市场的292名猪卖家和281名猪买家进行了市场调查，并对18个村庄的289名小农户进行了农户调查，收集了生猪流动的信息。利用交易惯例、来源地和目的地位置以及运输生猪数量等信息，将获得的数据用于对正式（通过市场）和非正式（村与村之间）流动进行社会网络分析（SNA）。确定了岛内和岛际流动情况，不过仅在弗洛雷斯岛和松巴岛之间观察到岛际流动。西帝汶和松巴岛有高度连通的网络，大量村庄通过生猪流动直接或间接相连。进一步就西帝汶而言，正式和非正式的生猪流动将该岛东端的首府古邦与与东帝汶接壤的西区连接起来，连接了所有五个区，表明非正式流动运输生猪的距离与该岛的正式流动相似。松巴岛的生猪有更大潜力流向全岛更多的连续地点。弗洛雷斯岛的网络更为分散，生猪流动集中在其东部或西部地区，受地形影响。市场被确认为疾病传入和传播的高风险地点，根据运营日不同，有超过20个联系（基于入度和出度值）。通过非正式流动被认为经典猪瘟传播高风险的村庄，其特点是生猪出栏量较大和/或与更多其他村庄有联系。这些发现表明，非正式流动（通常与文化习俗有关）可能很广泛，高度的连通性表明，必须在省级层面并与东帝汶合作制定经典猪瘟和其他高传染性疾病的防控策略。
