Characterization and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides extracted from green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea.

Polysaccharides of green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea were extracted using hot water and fractionated using an anion-exchange chromatography to investigate their molecular characteristics and immunomodulatory activities. The crude polysaccharide and two fractions (F and F) consisted mainly of carbohydrate (68.1-89.7%) and protein (2.0-11.8%) with small amounts of sulfate (1.9-6.1%) and uronic acid (0.5-6.1%). Glucose (58.8-97.6%) was the major monosaccharide of these polysaccharides, with different levels of rhamnose (0.2-11.6%), mannose (0.4-2.6%), and galactose (1.8-27.0%). The average molecular weights (M) of the crude, F, and F were 175.8×10, 126.9×10, and 237.0×10g/mol, respectively. The crude, F, and F stimulated murine macrophage, RAW264.7 cells, to produce considerable amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and various cytokines via up-regulation of their mRNA expression by the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. The fraction F with higher M and protein content showed stronger immunomodulatory activity. The main backbone of the fraction F was mainly connected via (1→4)-linked glucose and (1→6)-linked galactose with branches at C-3 and C-4 positions in (1→3,4)-linked glucose and (1→4,6)-linked galactose residues, respectively.