BiPRO GmbH, Munich, Germany.
Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017 Mar;220(2 Pt A):282-298. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.12.006. Epub 2016 Dec 21.
Human biomonitoring (HBM) provides the tools for exposure assessment by direct measurements of biological specimens such as blood and urine. HBM can identify new chemical exposures, trends and changes in exposure, establish distribution of exposure among the general population, and identify vulnerable groups and populations with distinct exposures such as children and older adults. The objective of this review is to demonstrate the use of HBM to identify environmental chemicals that might be of concern for children or older adults due to higher body burden. To do so, an extensive literature search was performed, and using a set of defined criteria, ten large-scale, cross-sectional national HBM programs were selected for data review and evaluation. A comparative analysis of the age-stratified data from these programs and other relevant HBM studies indicated twelve chemicals/classes of chemicals with potentially higher body burden in children or older adults. Children appear to have higher body burden of bisphenol A (BPA), some phytoestrogens, perchlorate, and some metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene. On the other hand, older adults appear to have higher body burden of heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides. For perfluoroalkyl substances, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, parabens, and phthalates, both children and older adults have higher body burden depending on the specific biomarkers analyzed, and this might be due to the exposure period and/or sources from different countries. Published data from the DEMOCOPHES project (a pilot study to harmonize HBM efforts across Europe) also showed elevated exposures to BPA and some phthalate metabolites in children across several European countries. In summary, age-stratified HBM data can provide useful knowledge of identifying environmental chemicals that might be of concern for children and older adults, which, combined with additional efforts to identify potential sources of exposure, could assist policy makers in prioritizing their actions in order to reduce chemical exposure and potential risks of adverse health effects.
人体生物监测 (HBM) 通过直接测量血液和尿液等生物样本提供暴露评估工具。HBM 可以识别新的化学暴露、暴露趋势和变化，确定一般人群中的暴露分布，并确定具有不同暴露情况的脆弱群体和人群，如儿童和老年人。本综述的目的是展示使用 HBM 来识别由于体内负荷较高而可能对儿童或老年人造成关注的环境化学物质。为此，进行了广泛的文献检索，并使用一套定义的标准，选择了十个大规模的、跨国家的 HBM 计划进行数据审查和评估。对这些计划和其他相关 HBM 研究的年龄分层数据进行比较分析，表明有 12 种化学物质/化学物质类别在儿童或老年人中具有潜在更高的体内负荷。儿童体内的双酚 A（BPA）、某些植物雌激素、高氯酸盐和某些多环芳烃和苯的代谢物的负荷似乎较高。另一方面，老年人体内的重金属和有机氯农药负荷似乎较高。对于全氟烷基物质、多溴二苯醚、对羟基苯甲酸酯和邻苯二甲酸酯，儿童和老年人的体内负荷取决于所分析的特定生物标志物，这可能是由于暴露期和/或来自不同国家的来源。DEMOCOPHES 项目（一项在欧洲协调 HBM 工作的试点研究）发布的数据也表明，几个欧洲国家的儿童体内 BPA 和某些邻苯二甲酸代谢物的暴露水平升高。总之，年龄分层的 HBM 数据可以提供有关识别可能对儿童和老年人造成关注的环境化学物质的有用知识，结合识别潜在暴露源的额外努力，可协助决策者确定其行动的优先次序，以减少化学物质暴露和潜在的健康影响风险。
