Khan Shafqat Ali, Ibrar Muhammad
Department of Botany University of Peshawar, Pakistan.
Department of Botany Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2016 Sep 29;13(6):107-120. doi: 10.21010/ajtcam.v13i6.16. eCollection 2016.
is generally traded, distributed and sold in the markets in its crude and raw form. This may have been mixed with adulterants, mismanaged by malpractices and substituted with other closely related drugs having different effect. This study is therefore carried out to authenticate the plant through pharmacogonostic evaluations.
MATERIAL & METHODS: The organoleptic studies were carried through sensory organs i.e size, shape, texrure, odour, etc. Histological studies were conducted by preparing hand slides, mounting the specimen in potato tuber; fluorescence characters were determined through UV and phytochemical screening was investigated using various standard and common methods from relevant literature.
Morphologically, the is a perennial small sized deciduous tree, 5-9 m tall with opposite imparipinnately compound leaves and small grayish yellow flowers born on paniculate inflorescence; locally, called as Rakhkal in Pashto and Kakarsingi in Urdu. The organoleptic evaluation showed leaf had pleasant, aromatic odour and astringent taste. Transverse section of leaf through midrib region was worked out. The anatomy of the midrib has shown to be surrounded by both upper and lower epidermis with multicellular non-glandular trichomes. The leaf was hypostomatic showing anomocytic stomata with average stomatal number 27.1 ± 7.2 and stomatal index 14 ± 3.63. The average vein islet, vein termination and palisade ratios were 13.6 ± 3.04, 10.21 ± 1.92 and 6 ± 2.01 respectively. Leaf powder showed the existance of anomocytic stomata, spirally thickened xylem vessels, non-glandular multicellular and stellate trichomes. Fluorescence study and percent extractive values was also carried out. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, protein, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids and anthraquenones, while tannins and fixed oil was not detected. Quantitatively highest amount of alkaloids 16% and flavonoids 19% in leaf was detected.
The results of the of the anatomical, organoleptic and physiochemical studies of the powder of leaf will be helpful in standardization of the crude drug.
其通常以粗制和原始形式在市场上交易、分销和销售。这可能已与掺假物混合，因不当行为管理不善，并被其他具有不同效果的密切相关药物替代。因此开展本研究以通过生药学评价来鉴定该植物。
感官研究通过感官器官进行，即大小、形状、质地、气味等。组织学研究通过制备徒手切片进行，将标本装片于马铃薯块茎中；通过紫外线测定荧光特征，并使用相关文献中的各种标准和常用方法进行植物化学筛选。
形态上，该植物是一种多年生小型落叶乔木，高5 - 9米，具对生奇数羽状复叶，圆锥花序上着生小的灰黄色花；当地普什图语称为Rakhkal，乌尔都语称为Kakarsingi。感官评价显示叶有宜人的芳香气味和涩味。制作了叶通过中脉区域的横切面。中脉的解剖结构显示被上下表皮包围，有多细胞非腺毛。叶为下气孔型，具不规则型气孔，平均气孔数为27.1 ± 7.2，气孔指数为14 ± 3.63。平均脉岛、脉端和栅栏组织比分别为13.6 ± 3.04、10.21 ± 1.92和6 ± 2.01。叶粉末显示存在不规则型气孔、螺旋状加厚的木质部导管、多细胞非腺毛和星状毛。还进行了荧光研究和百分提取物值测定。植物化学筛选显示存在碳水化合物、蛋白质、生物碱、酚类、黄酮类、萜类和蒽醌类，未检测到单宁和固定油。定量检测到叶中生物碱含量最高为16%，黄酮类含量最高为19%。
叶粉末的解剖学、感官和理化研究结果将有助于该生药的标准化。
