Hattori Ryoma, Kuchibhotla Kishore V, Froemke Robert C, Komiyama Takaki
Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Skirball Institute, Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Nat Neurosci. 2017 Aug 29;20(9):1199-1208. doi: 10.1038/nn.4619.
Neocortical inhibitory neurons exhibit remarkably diverse morphology, physiological properties and connectivity. Genetic access to molecularly defined subtypes of inhibitory neurons has aided their functional characterization in recent years. These studies have established that, instead of simply balancing excitatory neuron activity, inhibitory neurons actively shape excitatory circuits in a subtype-specific manner. We review the emerging view that inhibitory neuron subtypes perform context-dependent modulation of excitatory activity, as well as regulate experience-dependent plasticity of excitatory circuits. We then review the roles of neuromodulators in regulating the subtype-specific functions of inhibitory neurons. Finally, we discuss the idea that dysfunctions of inhibitory neuron subtypes may be responsible for various aspects of neurological disorders.
新皮质抑制性神经元表现出显著多样的形态、生理特性和连接性。近年来，通过遗传学手段研究分子定义的抑制性神经元亚型有助于对其进行功能表征。这些研究表明，抑制性神经元并非简单地平衡兴奋性神经元的活动，而是以亚型特异性的方式积极塑造兴奋性回路。我们综述了一种新出现的观点，即抑制性神经元亚型对兴奋性活动进行依赖于上下文的调节，并调节兴奋性回路的经验依赖性可塑性。然后，我们综述了神经调质在调节抑制性神经元亚型特异性功能中的作用。最后，我们讨论了抑制性神经元亚型功能障碍可能导致神经系统疾病各个方面问题的观点。
