Skrbo Armin, Masic Izet
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Mater Sociomed. 2017 Sep;29(3):219-227. doi: 10.5455/msm.2017.29.219-227.
Folk medicine represents part of the folk culture, when we first think about the rural culture with characteristic of the rural population in the pre-industrial period. The difference between official and folk medicine is manifested in the education, knowledge and social status of those practicing folk medicine as well as their patients. The most common ways of treating were the treatment by use of herbs, magic and treatments based on religious beliefs. So, it is of no surprise that folk medicine was the main form of treatment for the inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) in the past. In addition to many herbalists, quacks and religious officials who treated the patients with records, there were also spells, i.e. women who, by pronouncing various magic formulas, treated the patients. Each village had at least one person who practiced this type of treatment.
Numerous, original documents and records have been stored in the archives of the monastery throughout B&H, including very valuable literature in the field of medicine and pharmacy, which testifies of the very important role of Franciscans in the treatment of the population in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The most extensive health service of the Franciscans since their arrival in Bosnia in 1291 was the decadent era of Turkish rule, mostly from the 17 century until the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1978. In the sources of national thought, and on the basis of professional medical books, the Franciscans created recipes for the treatment of certain diseases, which they then collected in so-called "Ljekaruse" (Collections of folk recipes), and over time there was a lot of them. Most of the ljekarusa are hand-printed booklets, for some it is known the time and place of creation, and less often the author of the text. Ljekarusa is a very important source of information about our medical past. Some of them were processed and recorded, while a significant part of these manuscripts remained unknown to the general public. They included recipes for various diseases and the names they were called by the people. Professional terms were not used, nor were the illnesses and the recipes ordered in any order or systematic manner. We learn from them that our people were once treated in the absence of doctors and pharmacists. Most commonly mentioned are various herbs, animal parts, mineral substances, and some of these recipes can be even applied today. All medicines continue to be transcribed by the people and valued as good old medical receipts.
This review article presents a book (ljekaruse) that was archived in several famous monasteries in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
民间医学是民间文化的一部分，当我们最初想到前工业化时期具有农村人口特色的农村文化时。官方医学与民间医学的差异体现在从事民间医学的人员及其患者的教育程度、知识水平和社会地位上。最常见的治疗方式是使用草药治疗、魔法治疗以及基于宗教信仰的治疗。因此，民间医学在过去曾是波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那（波黑）居民的主要治疗形式也就不足为奇了。除了许多用记录治疗患者的草药医生、庸医和宗教官员外，还有念咒者，即那些通过念各种魔法咒语来治疗患者的女性。每个村庄至少有一人从事这种治疗方式。
波黑各地修道院的档案中保存了大量原始文件和记录，包括医学和药学领域非常有价值的文献，这证明了方济各会在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那治疗民众方面发挥的非常重要的作用。方济各会自1291年抵达波斯尼亚以来最广泛的医疗服务是土耳其统治的衰落时期，主要是从17世纪到1978年奥匈帝国占领波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那。在民族思想的资料来源以及专业医学书籍的基础上，方济各会创造了治疗某些疾病的配方，然后将它们收集在所谓的“Ljekaruse”（民间配方集）中，随着时间推移，这类配方集数量众多。大多数ljekarusa是手工印刷的小册子，有些知道其创作时间和地点，而文本作者则较少为人所知。Ljekarusa是了解我们医学过去的非常重要的信息来源。其中一些已被处理和记录，而这些手稿的很大一部分仍不为公众所知。它们包括各种疾病的配方以及人们对这些疾病的称呼。没有使用专业术语，疾病和配方也没有按任何顺序或系统方式排列。我们从它们那里了解到我们的人民曾经在没有医生和药剂师的情况下接受治疗。最常提到的是各种草药、动物部位、矿物质，其中一些配方至今仍可应用。所有药物仍被人们抄写并视为古老的良方。
这篇综述文章介绍了一本存档于波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那几座著名修道院的书（ljekaruse）。
