Masic Izet
Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Med Arch. 2017 Dec;71(6):439-448. doi: 10.5455/medarh.2017.71.439-448.
After the collapse of the Arab rule, the Arab territorial expanses and cultural heritage were taken over by the Turks. Although scientific progress in the Turkish period slowed down due to numerous unfavorable political-economic and other circumstances. Thanks to the Turks, Arabic culture and useful Islamic principles expanded to the territory of our homeland of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). Significant role in the transfer of Arabic pharmaceutical knowledge was also attributed to the Sephardic Jews who, with their arrival, continued to perform their attar activities, which were largely based on Arab achievements. However, insufficiently elaborated, rich funds of oriental medical and pharmaceutical handwriting testify that Oriental science has nurtured in these areas as well, and that the Arabic component in a specific way was intertwined with other cultures and traditions of B&H. The Franciscan monasteries in Bosnia and Herzegovina have museums which contain important exhibits and libraries rich in books, among which many from the field of medicine and pharmacy. Muslim mosques, also, had small libraries with Arabic books used for spreading medical knowledge. The second category was folk doctors and practitioners who were on disposition to the people of any religion. Some of them listened to lectures in medicine during the studies of theology and philosophy. However, most did not have any medical education, but by reading books and teaching experience they made their own recipe collection. Special books, called "Ljekaruše" (Books of recipes) were also born during the study when they came into contact with an even larger number of health books. However, it should not be neglected that a lot of them contained folk medicines that were used in some environments depending on the habits and available herbs. Although it has been proven that many recipes from Ljekaruše are pharmacologically and medically justified, one should not ignore the knowledge and skill behind them. The true flowering of medicine in B&H happening thanks to graduate doctors in Italy, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, etc. Through their action, in a short time, they greatly improved health in B&H, educated the population. The Franciscans were important because they opened the first open-air clinics, the first pharmacies, and wrote the first pharmacopoeia and regulations for the work of health care institutions. Numerous works preserved in monasteries have mostly brought about the study in only one or two copies. Their contribution to the development of health care and the prevention of illness and treatment of the population in B&H during that period is very significant.
阿拉伯统治崩溃后，阿拉伯的领土范围和文化遗产被土耳其人接管。尽管在土耳其时期，由于诸多不利的政治经济及其他情况，科学进步放缓。但得益于土耳其人，阿拉伯文化和实用的伊斯兰原则扩展到了我们的祖国波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那（波黑）的领土。在阿拉伯药学知识的传播中，西班牙裔犹太人也发挥了重要作用，他们到来后继续开展他们的香膏制作活动，这些活动很大程度上基于阿拉伯的成就。然而，丰富的东方医学和药学手写资料虽未得到充分阐述，却证明东方科学在这些领域也有所发展，而且阿拉伯元素以特定方式与波黑的其他文化和传统相互交织。波黑的方济各会修道院设有博物馆，馆内藏有重要展品，还有藏书丰富的图书馆，其中许多书籍来自医学和药学领域。穆斯林清真寺也有小型图书馆，藏有用于传播医学知识的阿拉伯语书籍。第二类是民间医生和从业者，他们为任何宗教信仰的民众服务。他们中的一些人在学习神学和哲学期间听过医学讲座。然而，大多数人没有接受过任何医学教育，而是通过阅读书籍和实践经验收集自己的药方集。在学习过程中，当他们接触到更多的健康书籍时，还诞生了名为“Ljekaruše”（药方书）的专门书籍。然而，不应忽视的是，其中许多包含根据习惯和可得草药在某些环境中使用的民间药物。尽管已证明“Ljekaruše”中的许多药方在药理学和医学上是合理的，但也不应忽视其背后的知识和技能。波黑医学的真正繁荣得益于在意大利、奥地利、匈牙利、土耳其等地的医学博士。通过他们的行动，在短时间内极大地改善了波黑的健康状况，教育了民众。方济各会很重要，因为他们开设了第一家露天诊所、第一家药店，并编写了第一部药典和医疗机构工作条例。保存在修道院中的众多著作大多仅有一两份留存。他们在那个时期对波黑医疗保健的发展以及疾病预防和民众治疗的贡献非常重大。
