Department of Integrative Physiology and Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Spokane, WA, USA.
Department of Integrative Physiology and Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Spokane, WA, USA.
Sleep Med Rev. 2019 Feb;43:14-21. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.10.001. Epub 2018 Nov 12.
The historic sleep regulatory paradigm invokes "top-down" imposition of sleep on the brain by sleep regulatory circuits. While remaining conceptually useful, many sleep phenomena are difficult to explain using that paradigm, including, unilateral sleep, sleep-walking, and poor performance after sleep deprivation. Further, all animals sleep after non-lethal brain lesions, regardless of whether the lesion includes sleep regulatory circuits, suggesting that sleep is a fundamental property of small viable neuronal/glial networks. That small areas of the brain can exhibit non-rapid eye movement sleep-like states is summarized. Further, sleep-like states in neuronal/glial cultures are described. The local sleep states, whether in vivo or in vitro, share electrophysiological properties and molecular regulatory components with whole animal sleep and exhibit sleep homeostasis. The molecular regulatory components of sleep are also involved in plasticity and inflammation. Like sleep, these processes, are initiated by local cell-activity dependent events, yet have at higher levels of tissue organization whole body functions. While there are large literatures dealing with local initiation and regulation of plasticity and inflammation, the literature surrounding local sleep is in its infancy and clinical applications of the local sleep concept are absent. Regardless, the local use-dependent sleep paradigm can advise and advance future research and clinical applications.
历史悠久的睡眠调节范式认为，睡眠调节回路对大脑施加“自上而下”的睡眠影响。虽然这个范式在概念上仍然有用，但许多睡眠现象很难用它来解释，包括单侧睡眠、梦游和睡眠剥夺后的表现不佳。此外，所有动物在非致命性脑损伤后都会睡眠，无论损伤是否包括睡眠调节回路，这表明睡眠是小型存活神经元/神经胶质网络的基本特性。本文总结了大脑的小区域可以表现出类似非快速眼动睡眠的状态。此外，还描述了神经元/神经胶质培养物中的类似睡眠状态。无论是在体内还是体外，局部睡眠状态都具有与整个动物睡眠相同的电生理特性和分子调节成分，并表现出睡眠稳态。睡眠的分子调节成分也参与了可塑性和炎症。与睡眠一样，这些过程由局部细胞活动依赖性事件引发，但在更高的组织水平上具有全身功能。虽然有大量文献涉及可塑性和炎症的局部起始和调节，但围绕局部睡眠的文献还处于起步阶段，局部睡眠概念的临床应用尚未出现。无论如何，局部使用依赖性睡眠范式可以为未来的研究和临床应用提供建议和推动。
