Yadav Santosh, Sharma Ashwani Kumar, Kumar Pradeep
Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020 Feb 25;8:127. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00127. eCollection 2020.
Self-assembly is the process of association of individual units of a material into highly arranged/ordered structures/patterns. It imparts unique properties to both inorganic and organic structures, so generated, via non-covalent interactions. Currently, self-assembled nanomaterials are finding a wide variety of applications in the area of nanotechnology, imaging techniques, biosensors, biomedical sciences, etc., due to its simplicity, spontaneity, scalability, versatility, and inexpensiveness. Self-assembly of amphiphiles into nanostructures (micelles, vesicles, and hydrogels) happens due to various physical interactions. Recent advancements in the area of drug delivery have opened up newer avenues to develop novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) and self-assembled nanostructures have shown their tremendous potential to be used as facile and efficient materials for this purpose. The main objective of the projected review is to provide readers a concise and straightforward knowledge of basic concepts of supramolecular self-assembly process and how these highly functionalized and efficient nanomaterials can be useful in biomedical applications. Approaches for the self-assembly have been discussed for the fabrication of nanostructures. Advantages and limitations of these systems along with the parameters that are to be taken into consideration while designing a therapeutic delivery vehicle have also been outlined. In this review, various macro- and small-molecule-based systems have been elaborated. Besides, a section on DNA nanostructures as intelligent materials for future applications is also included.
自组装是指材料的单个单元缔合形成高度排列/有序的结构/图案的过程。通过非共价相互作用，它赋予由此产生的无机和有机结构独特的性质。目前，自组装纳米材料因其简单性、自发性、可扩展性、多功能性和低成本，在纳米技术、成像技术、生物传感器、生物医学科学等领域有着广泛的应用。两亲分子自组装成纳米结构（胶束、囊泡和水凝胶）是由于各种物理相互作用。药物递送领域的最新进展开辟了开发新型药物递送系统（DDS）的新途径，自组装纳米结构已显示出作为用于此目的的简便且高效材料的巨大潜力。本综述的主要目的是为读者提供关于超分子自组装过程基本概念的简明直接的知识，以及这些高度功能化和高效的纳米材料如何在生物医学应用中发挥作用。已经讨论了用于制造纳米结构的自组装方法。还概述了这些系统的优点和局限性，以及设计治疗性递送载体时要考虑的参数。在本综述中，阐述了各种基于大分子和小分子的系统。此外，还包括关于DNA纳米结构作为未来应用的智能材料的一节。
