Lambring Christoffer B, Siraj Sohail, Patel Krishna, Sankpal Umesh T, Mathew Stephen, Basha Riyaz
Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107.
Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107.
Crit Rev Immunol. 2019;39(5):313-328. doi: 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2019033233.
Higher organisms are all born with general immunity as well as with, increasingly, more specific immune systems. All immune mechanisms function with the intent of aiding the body in defense against infection. Internal and external factors alike have varying effects on the immune system, and the immune response is tailored specifically to each one. Accompanying the components of the human innate and adaptive immune systems are the other intermingling systems of the human body. Increasing understanding of the body's immune interactions with other systems has opened new avenues of study, including that of the microbiome. The microbiome has become a highly active area of research over the last 10 to 20 years since the NIH began funding the Human Microbiome Project (HMP), which was established in 2007. Several publications have focused on the characterization, functions, and complex interplay of the microbiome as it relates to the rest of the body. A dysfunction between the microbiome and the host has been linked to various diseases including cancers, metabolic deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Further understanding of the microbiome and its interaction with the host in relation to diseases is needed in order to understand the implications of microbiome dysfunction and the possible use of microbiota in the prevention of disease. In this review, we have summarized information on the immune system, the microbiome, the microbiome's interplay with other systems, and the association of the immune system and the microbiome in diseases such as diabetes and colorectal cancer.
高等生物生来就具有一般免疫能力，而且其特异性免疫系统也越来越发达。所有免疫机制的功能都是帮助身体抵御感染。内部和外部因素对免疫系统都有不同程度的影响，免疫反应会针对每个因素进行专门调整。人体先天和适应性免疫系统的组成部分与人体的其他相互交织的系统相伴存在。对人体免疫系统与其他系统相互作用的深入了解开辟了新的研究途径，包括微生物组研究。自美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）于2007年启动人类微生物组计划（HMP）以来，在过去10到20年里，微生物组已成为一个高度活跃的研究领域。一些出版物聚焦于微生物组的特征、功能及其与身体其他部分的复杂相互作用。微生物组与宿主之间的功能失调与包括癌症、代谢缺陷、自身免疫性疾病和传染病在内的各种疾病有关。为了了解微生物组功能失调的影响以及微生物群在疾病预防中的可能用途，需要进一步了解微生物组及其与宿主在疾病方面的相互作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结了关于免疫系统、微生物组、微生物组与其他系统的相互作用，以及免疫系统与微生物组在糖尿病和结直肠癌等疾病中的关联的信息。
