University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
University of Yangzhou , Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou, PR China.
Gut Microbes. 2020 Nov 1;11(6):1486-1517. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1770666. Epub 2020 Jun 18.
Enteric viral and bacterial infections continue to be a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children in low-income and middle-income countries, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Vaccines are considered an effective and practical preventive approach against the predominantly fecal-to-oral transmitted gastroenteritis particularly in the resource-limited countries or regions where implementation of sanitation systems and supply of safe drinking water are not quickly achievable. While vaccines are available for a few enteric pathogens including rotavirus and cholera, there are no vaccines licensed for many other enteric viral and bacterial pathogens. Challenges in enteric vaccine development include immunological heterogeneity among pathogen strains or isolates, a lack of animal challenge models to evaluate vaccine candidacy, undefined host immune correlates to protection, and a low protective efficacy among young children in endemic regions. In this article, we briefly updated the progress and challenges in vaccines and vaccine development for the leading enteric viral and bacterial pathogens including rotavirus, human calicivirus, , enterotoxigenic (ETEC), cholera, nontyphoidal , and , and introduced a novel epitope- and structure-based vaccinology platform known as MEFA (multiepitope fusion antigen) and the application of MEFA for developing broadly protective multivalent vaccines against heterogenous pathogens.
肠病毒和细菌感染仍然是低收入和中等收入国家、老年人和免疫功能低下者中幼儿死亡和发病的主要原因。疫苗被认为是预防主要通过粪-口传播的肠胃炎的有效和实用方法，特别是在资源有限的国家或地区，那里无法迅速实施卫生系统和供应安全饮用水。虽然有一些针对肠病原体的疫苗，包括轮状病毒和霍乱，但仍有许多其他肠病毒和细菌病原体没有获得许可的疫苗。肠疫苗开发面临的挑战包括病原体株或分离株之间的免疫异质性、缺乏用于评估候选疫苗的动物挑战模型、对保护的宿主免疫相关性定义不明确以及流行地区幼儿的保护效力低。在本文中，我们简要介绍了针对轮状病毒、人类杯状病毒、肠致病性大肠杆菌（ETEC）、霍乱、非伤寒沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌等主要肠病毒和细菌病原体的疫苗和疫苗开发的进展和挑战，并介绍了一种称为 MEFA（多表位融合抗原）的新型基于表位和结构的疫苗学平台，以及 MEFA 用于开发针对异源病原体的广泛保护多价疫苗的应用。
