ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.
Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.
Mol Biol Rep. 2020 Aug;47(8):6229-6237. doi: 10.1007/s11033-020-05611-3. Epub 2020 Jul 4.
Natural polysaccharides cellulose, hemicelluloses, inulin etc., galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) play a significant role in the improvement of gut microbiota balance and human health. These polysaccharides prevent pathogen adhesion that stimulates the immune system and gut barrier function by servicing as fermentable substrates for the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota plays a key role in the fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) fibres. Moreover, the gut microbiota is responsible for the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like acetate, propionate and butyrate. Acetate is the most abundant and it is used by many gut commensals to produce propionate and butyrate in a growth-promoting cross-feeding process. The dietary fibres affect the gut microbiome and play vital roles in signaling pathways. The SCFAs, acetate, butyrate, and propionate have been reported to affect on metabolic activities at the molecular level. Acetate affects the metabolic pathway through the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2/GPR43) while butyrate and propionate transactivate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR/NR1C3) and regulate the PPAR target gene Angptl4 in colonic cells of the gut. The FFAR2 signaling pathway regulates the insulin-stimulated lipid accumulation in adipocytes and inflammation, however peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PPY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 regulates appetite. The NDCs via gut microbiota dependent pathway regulate glucose homeostasis, gut integrity and hormone by GPCR, NF-kB, and AMPK-dependent processes.
天然多糖纤维素、半纤维素、菊粉等、半乳糖寡糖 (GOS) 和果寡糖 (FOS) 在改善肠道微生物群平衡和人类健康方面发挥着重要作用。这些多糖通过充当肠道微生物群的可发酵底物，防止病原体附着，从而刺激免疫系统和肠道屏障功能。肠道微生物群在非消化性碳水化合物 (NDC) 纤维的发酵中起着关键作用。此外，肠道微生物群负责产生短链脂肪酸 (SCFAs)，如乙酸盐、丙酸盐和丁酸盐。乙酸盐是最丰富的，它被许多肠道共生菌用于在促进生长的交叉喂养过程中产生丙酸盐和丁酸盐。膳食纤维影响肠道微生物组，并在信号通路中发挥重要作用。SCFAs，乙酸盐、丁酸盐和丙酸盐已被报道影响分子水平的代谢活动。乙酸盐通过 G 蛋白偶联受体 (GPCR) 和游离脂肪酸受体 2 (FFAR2/GPR43) 影响代谢途径，而丁酸盐和丙酸盐反式激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体 (PPAR/NR1C3) 并调节肠道细胞中的 PPAR 靶基因 Angptl4。FFAR2 信号通路调节脂肪细胞中胰岛素刺激的脂质积累和炎症，而肽酪氨酸-酪氨酸 (PPY) 和胰高血糖素样肽 1 调节食欲。通过肠道微生物群依赖途径调节 NDCs 调节葡萄糖稳态、肠道完整性和激素的 GPCR、NF-kB 和 AMPK 依赖过程。
