Zhang Dan, Ma Xin-Lei, Gu Yan, Huang He, Zhang Guang-Wei
Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
Front Chem. 2020 Oct 29;8:799. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00799. eCollection 2020.
Nanoparticle synthesis using microorganisms and plants by green synthesis technology is biologically safe, cost-effective, and environment-friendly. Plants and microorganisms have established the power to devour and accumulate inorganic metal ions from their neighboring niche. The biological entities are known to synthesize nanoparticles both extra and intracellularly. The capability of a living system to utilize its intrinsic organic chemistry processes in remodeling inorganic metal ions into nanoparticles has opened up an undiscovered area of biochemical analysis. Nanotechnology in conjunction with biology gives rise to an advanced area of nanobiotechnology that involves living entities of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic origin, such as algae, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes, bacteria, viruses, yeasts, fungi, and plants. Every biological system varies in its capabilities to supply metallic nanoparticles. However, not all biological organisms can produce nanoparticles due to their enzymatic activities and intrinsic metabolic processes. Therefore, biological entities or their extracts are used for the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles through bio-reduction of metallic particles leading to the synthesis of nanoparticles. These biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles have a range of unlimited pharmaceutical applications including delivery of drugs or genes, detection of pathogens or proteins, and tissue engineering. The effective delivery of drugs and tissue engineering through the use of nanotechnology exhibited vital contributions in translational research related to the pharmaceutical products and their applications. Collectively, this review covers the green synthesis of nanoparticles by using various biological systems as well as their applications.
利用绿色合成技术通过微生物和植物进行纳米颗粒合成具有生物安全性、成本效益高且环境友好。植物和微生物具有从其周围生态位摄取和积累无机金属离子的能力。已知生物体会在细胞外和细胞内合成纳米颗粒。生物系统利用其内在有机化学过程将无机金属离子重塑为纳米颗粒的能力开辟了一个未被发现的生化分析领域。纳米技术与生物学相结合产生了一个先进的纳米生物技术领域，该领域涉及原核和真核起源的生物实体，如藻类、蓝细菌、放线菌、细菌、病毒、酵母、真菌和植物。每个生物系统提供金属纳米颗粒的能力各不相同。然而，并非所有生物都能因其酶活性和内在代谢过程而产生纳米颗粒。因此，生物实体或其提取物通过金属颗粒的生物还原用于绿色合成金属纳米颗粒，从而导致纳米颗粒的合成。这些生物合成的金属纳米颗粒具有一系列无限的药物应用，包括药物或基因递送、病原体或蛋白质检测以及组织工程。通过使用纳米技术进行有效的药物递送和组织工程在与药品及其应用相关的转化研究中发挥了至关重要的作用。总的来说，这篇综述涵盖了利用各种生物系统进行纳米颗粒的绿色合成及其应用。
