Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia.
Department of Medical Sciences, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences (SHMS), Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2020 Jan 16;15:275-300. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S233789. eCollection 2020.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are extensively studied nanoparticles (NPs) and are known to have profound applications in medicine. There are various methods to synthesize AuNPs which are generally categorized into two main types: chemical and physical synthesis. Continuous efforts have been devoted to search for other more environmental-friendly and economical large-scale methods, such as environmentally friendly biological methods known as green synthesis. Green synthesis is especially important to minimize the harmful chemical and toxic by-products during the conventional synthesis of AuNPs. Green materials such as plants, fungi, microorganisms, enzymes and biopolymers are currently used to synthesize various NPs. Biosynthesized AuNPs are generally safer for use in biomedical applications since they come from natural materials themselves. Multiple surface functionalities of AuNPs allow them to be more robust and flexible when combined with different biological assemblies or modifications for enhanced applications. This review focuses on recent developments of green synthesized AuNPs and discusses their numerous biomedical applications. Sources of green materials with successful examples and other key parameters that determine the functionalities of AuNPs are also discussed in this review.
金纳米粒子（AuNPs）是一种被广泛研究的纳米粒子（NPs），已知在医学中有深远的应用。有多种方法可以合成 AuNPs，通常分为两类：化学合成和物理合成。人们一直在不断努力寻找其他更环保和经济的大规模方法，例如被称为绿色合成的环保生物方法。绿色合成对于减少 AuNPs 常规合成过程中有害的化学和有毒副产品尤为重要。绿色材料，如植物、真菌、微生物、酶和生物聚合物，目前被用于合成各种 NPs。生物合成的 AuNPs 通常更安全，可用于生物医学应用，因为它们本身来自天然材料。AuNPs 的多种表面功能使其与不同的生物组装或修饰结合时更具稳健性和灵活性，从而增强了其应用。本综述重点介绍了绿色合成 AuNPs 的最新进展，并讨论了它们在众多生物医学中的应用。本综述还讨论了绿色材料的来源，包括成功的例子，以及决定 AuNPs 功能的其他关键参数。
