Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Recent Results Cancer Res. 2021;217:1-11. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_1.
Approximately, 1.4 million virus-induced cancers occur annually, representing roughly 10% of the worldwide cancer burden, with the majority (> 85%) occurring in the lower- and middle-income countries. The viruses associated with the greatest number of cancer cases are human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which cause cervical cancer and several other epithelial malignancies, and hepatitis viruses HBV and HCV, which are responsible for the majority of hepatocellular cancer. Other oncoviruses include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I), and Merkel cell polyoma virus (MCPyV). These oncoviruses include various classes of DNA and RNA viruses and induce cancer by a variety of mechanisms. However, cancers develop in a minority of infected individuals and almost always after chronic infection of many year's duration. Identification of the oncoviruses has provided critical insights in human carcinogenesis and led to several interventions that may reduce the risk of developing the tumors they induce. These interventions include preventive vaccines against HBV and HPV, screening for persistent HPV and HCV infections, antivirals for the treatment of chronic HBV and HCV infection, and screening the blood supply for the presence of HBV and HCV. Further efforts to identify additional oncogenic viruses in human cancers and new insights into etiology and pathogenesis of virally induced cancers would likely lead to new approaches for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
每年大约有 140 万例病毒引起的癌症，占全球癌症负担的 10%左右，其中大多数（>85%）发生在中低收入国家。与最多癌症病例相关的病毒是人乳头瘤病毒（HPV），它会导致宫颈癌和其他几种上皮恶性肿瘤，以及乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV），它们是大多数肝癌的罪魁祸首。其他致癌病毒包括 Epstein-Barr 病毒（EBV）、卡波西肉瘤疱疹病毒（KSHV）、人类 T 细胞白血病病毒（HTLV-I）和 Merkel 细胞多瘤病毒（MCPyV）。这些致癌病毒包括各种类别的 DNA 和 RNA 病毒，并通过多种机制诱导癌症。然而，癌症只在少数感染个体中发展，而且几乎总是在多年的慢性感染之后。对致癌病毒的鉴定为人类致癌提供了重要的见解，并导致了几种可能降低其诱导肿瘤风险的干预措施。这些干预措施包括针对 HBV 和 HPV 的预防性疫苗、针对持续 HPV 和 HCV 感染的筛查、用于治疗慢性 HBV 和 HCV 感染的抗病毒药物，以及对血液供应中 HBV 和 HCV 的筛查。进一步努力识别人类癌症中额外的致癌病毒，并深入了解病毒引起的癌症的病因和发病机制，可能会为预防性和治疗性干预措施提供新的方法。
