Ginsenoside Rg3 reduces the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival of serovar Typhimurium.

BACKGROUND

Invasive infections due to foodborne pathogens, including serovar Typhimurium, are prevalent and life-threatening. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) on the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival of . Typhimurium.

METHODS

The impacts of Rg3 on bacterial growth and host cell viability were determined using the time kill and the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assays, respectively. Gentamicin assay and confocal microscopic examination were undertaken to determine the effects of Rg3 on the adhesive and invasive abilities of . Typhimurium to Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cells. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to assess the expression of genes correlated with the adhesion, invasion, and virulence of . Typhimurium.

RESULTS

Subinhibitory concentrations of Rg3 significantly reduced ( < 0.05) the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival of . Typhimurium. Rg3 considerably reduced ( < 0.05) the bacterial motility as well as the release of nitrite from infected macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression of genes related to the adhesion, invasion, quorum sensing, and virulence of . Typhimurium including , , , , , , and was significantly reduced after Rg3 treatment. Besides, the compound downregulated and -42 that are essential for actin remodeling and membrane ruffling, thereby facilitating entry into host cells. This report is the first to describe the effects of Rg3 on "trigger" entry mechanism and intracellular survival . Typhimurium.

CONCLUSION

Rg3 could be considered as a supplement agent to prevent . infection.