LMSM, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, EA 4312, Normandy University, Université de Rouen, 27000 Evreux, France.
SFR NORVEGE, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Normandie Végétale, FED 4277, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Mar 24;22(7):3337. doi: 10.3390/ijms22073337.
Flagella-driven motility is an important trait for bacterial colonization and virulence. Flagella rotate and propel bacteria in liquid or semi-liquid media to ensure such bacterial fitness. Bacterial flagella are composed of three parts: a membrane complex, a flexible-hook, and a flagellin filament. The most widely studied models in terms of the flagellar apparatus are and . However, there are many differences between these enteric bacteria and the bacteria of the genus. Enteric bacteria possess peritrichous flagella, in contrast to Pseudomonads, which possess polar flagella. In addition, flagellar gene expression in is under a four-tiered regulatory circuit, whereas enteric bacteria express flagellar genes in a three-step manner. Here, we use knowledge of and flagella to describe the general properties of flagella and then focus on the specificities of flagella. After a description of flagellar structure, which is highly conserved among Gram-negative bacteria, we focus on the steps of flagellar assembly that differ between enteric and polar-flagellated bacteria. In addition, we summarize generalities concerning the fuel used for the production and rotation of the flagellar macromolecular complex. The last part summarizes known regulatory pathways and potential links with the type-six secretion system (T6SS).
鞭毛驱动的运动能力是细菌定植和毒力的一个重要特征。鞭毛在液体或半液体培养基中旋转并推动细菌，以确保这种细菌的适应性。细菌鞭毛由三个部分组成：膜复合物、柔性钩和鞭毛蛋白丝。就鞭毛装置而言，最广泛研究的模型是 和 。然而，这些肠杆菌和 属的细菌之间存在许多差异。肠杆菌具有周生鞭毛，而假单胞菌则具有极生鞭毛。此外， 的 flagellar 基因表达受四级调控回路调控，而肠杆菌则以三步方式表达 flagellar 基因。在这里，我们利用 和 鞭毛的知识来描述鞭毛的一般特性，然后重点介绍 鞭毛的特异性。在描述了在革兰氏阴性菌中高度保守的鞭毛结构之后，我们重点介绍了肠杆菌和极生鞭毛菌之间在鞭毛组装步骤上的差异。此外，我们总结了关于生产和旋转鞭毛大分子复合物的燃料的一般性知识。最后一部分总结了已知的调控途径和与六型分泌系统（T6SS）的潜在联系。
