Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38098 Trento, Italy.
CIBIO-Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 May 21;22(11):5454. doi: 10.3390/ijms22115454.
Sustainability of aquaculture is tied to the origin of feed ingredients. In search of sustainable fish meal-free formulations for rainbow trout, we evaluated the effect of meal (H) and poultry by-product meal (P), singly (10, 30, and 60% of either H or P) or in combination (10% H + 50% P, H10P50), as partial replacement of vegetable protein (VM) on gut microbiota (GM), inflammatory, and immune biomarkers. Fish fed the mixture H10P50 had the best growth performance. H, P, and especially the combination H10P50 partially restored α-diversity that was negatively affected by VM. Diets did not differ in the Firmicutes:Proteobacteria ratio, although the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria was reduced in H and was higher in P and in the fishmeal control. H had higher relative abundance of chitin-degrading and , and . was also higher in H feed, suggesting feed-chain microbiome transmission. P increased the relative abundance of protein degraders and Bacteroidales. IL-1β, IL-10, TGF-β, COX-2, and TCR-β gene expression in the midgut and head kidney and plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) revealed that the diets did not compromise the gut barrier function or induce inflammation. H, P, and H10P50 therefore appear valid protein sources in fishmeal-free aquafeeds.
水产养殖的可持续性与饲料成分的来源有关。为了寻找虹鳟鱼无鱼粉饲料的可持续配方，我们评估了单独使用（10%、30%和 60%的 H 或 P）或组合使用（10%H+50%P，H10P50）肉粉（H）和家禽副产品粉（P）作为部分替代植物蛋白（VM）对肠道微生物群（GM）、炎症和免疫生物标志物的影响。用 H10P50 混合物喂养的鱼具有最佳的生长性能。H、P 以及特别是 H10P50 组合部分恢复了 VM 负面影响的 α-多样性。尽管 H 中的γ变形菌门相对丰度降低，P 和鱼粉对照组中的γ变形菌门相对丰度较高，但饮食在厚壁菌门：变形菌门比例上没有差异。H 具有更高的几丁质降解菌和丰度，和。H 饲料中的也更高，表明饲料链微生物组的传播。P 增加了蛋白降解菌和拟杆菌门的相对丰度。中肠和头肾的 IL-1β、IL-10、TGF-β、COX-2 和 TCR-β 基因表达以及血浆脂多糖（LPS）表明，这些饮食不会损害肠道屏障功能或引发炎症。因此，H、P 和 H10P50 似乎是无鱼粉水产饲料中有效的蛋白质来源。
