Escolano-Pérez Elena, Sánchez-López Carmen Rosa, Herrero-Nivela Maria Luisa
Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.
Front Psychol. 2021 Aug 13;12:725832. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.725832. eCollection 2021.
Early motor skills underpin the more complex and specialized movements required for physical activity. Therefore, the design of interventions that enhance higher levels of early motor skills may encourage subsequent participation in physical activity. To do so, it is necessary to determine the influence of certain factors (some of which appear very early) on early motor skills. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of some very early environmental variables (delivery mode, feeding type during the first 4 months of life) and some biological variables (sex and age in months) on preschool motor skills, considered both globally and specifically. The sample was composed by 43 preschool students aged 5-6 years. The participant's parents completed an questionnaire, reporting on delivery mode, feeding type, sex, and age in months. The children's motor skills were assessed using observational methodology in the school setting, while the children participated in their regular motor skills sessions. A Nomothetic/Punctual/Multidimensional observational design was used. Results revealed that certain preschool motor skills were specifically influenced by delivery mode, feeding type, sex, and age. Children born by vaginal delivery showed higher scores than children born via C-section in throwing ( = 0.000; = 0.63); total control of objects ( = 0.004; = 0.97); total gross motor skills ( = 0.005; = 0.95); and total motor skills ( = 0.002; = 1.04). Children who were exclusively breastfed outperformed those who were formula-fed in throwing ( = 0.016; = 0.75); visual-motor integration ( = 0.005; = 0.94); total control of objects ( = 0.002; = 1.02); total gross motor skills ( = 0.023; = 0.82); and total motor skills ( = 0.042; = 0.74). Boys outperformed girls in throwing ( = 0.041; = 0.74) and total control of objects ( = 0.024; = 0.63); while the opposite occurred in static balance ( = 0.000; = 1.2); visual-motor coordination ( = 0.020; = 0.79); and total fine motor skills ( = 0.032; = 0.72). Older children (aged 69-74 months) obtained higher scores than younger ones (aged 63-68 months) in dynamic balance ( = 0.030; = 0.66); visual-motor integration ( = 0.034; = 0.63); and total balance ( = 0.013; = 0.75). Implications for early childhood care and education are discussed since this is a critical period for motor skill development and learning.
早期运动技能是体育活动所需更复杂、更专业运动的基础。因此，设计能够提高早期运动技能水平的干预措施可能会促进后续对体育活动的参与。为此，有必要确定某些因素（其中一些因素出现得非常早）对早期运动技能的影响。本研究的目的是全面和具体地考察一些非常早期的环境变量（分娩方式、出生后前4个月的喂养类型）和一些生物学变量（性别和月龄）对学龄前儿童运动技能的影响。样本由43名5至6岁的学龄前儿童组成。参与者的父母填写了一份问卷，报告了分娩方式、喂养类型、性别和月龄。在学校环境中，当孩子们参加常规运动技能课程时，使用观察法对他们的运动技能进行评估。采用了一种通则/即时/多维观察设计。结果显示，某些学龄前儿童运动技能受到分娩方式、喂养类型、性别和年龄的特定影响。顺产出生的儿童在投掷（p = 0.000；效应量 = 0.63）、物体全面控制（p = 0.004；效应量 = 0.97）、总体大运动技能（p = 0.005；效应量 = 0.95）和总体运动技能（p = 0.002；效应量 = 1.04）方面的得分高于剖宫产出生的儿童。纯母乳喂养的儿童在投掷（p = 0.016；效应量 = 0.75）、视动整合（p = 0.005；效应量 = 0.94）、物体全面控制（p = 0.002；效应量 = 1.02）、总体大运动技能（p = 0.023；效应量 = 0.82）和总体运动技能（p = 0.042；效应量 = 0.74）方面的表现优于配方奶喂养的儿童。男孩在投掷（p = 0.041；效应量 = 0.74）和物体全面控制（p = 0.024；效应量 = 0.63）方面的表现优于女孩；而在静态平衡（p = 0.000；效应量 = 1.2）、视动协调（p = 0.020；效应量 = 0.79）和总体精细运动技能（p = 0.032；效应量 = 0.72）方面则相反。年龄较大的儿童（69 - 74个月）在动态平衡（p = 0.030；效应量 = 0.66）、视动整合（p = 0.034；效应量 = 0.63）和总体平衡（p = 0.013；效应量 = 0.75）方面的得分高于年龄较小的儿童（63 - 68个月）。鉴于这是运动技能发展和学习的关键时期，本文讨论了对幼儿护理和教育的启示。
