Das Nabojit, Kumar Akash, Rayavarapu Raja Gopal
Nanomaterial Toxicology Laboratory, Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
Beilstein J Nanotechnol. 2021 Aug 18;12:924-938. doi: 10.3762/bjnano.12.69. eCollection 2021.
Plasmonic metal nanoparticles are widely used for many applications due to their unique optical and chemical properties. Over the past decade, anisotropic metal nanoparticles have been explored for imaging, sensing, and diagnostic applications. The variations and flexibility of tuning the size and shape of the metal nanoparticles at the nanoscale made them promising candidates for biomedical applications such as therapeutics, diagnostics, and drug delivery. However, safety and risk assessment of the nanomaterials for clinical purposes are yet to be made owing to their cytotoxicity. The toxicity concern is primarily due to the conventional synthesis route that involves surfactants as a structure-directing agent and as a capping agent for nanoparticles. Wet chemical methods employ toxic auxiliary chemicals. However, the approach yields monodispersed nanoparticles, an essential criterion for their intended application and a limitation of the green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts. Several biocompatible counterparts such as polymers, lipids, and chitosan-based nanoparticles have been successfully used in the synthesis of safe nanomaterials, but there were issues regarding reproducibility and yield. Enzymatic degradation was one of the factors responsible for limiting the efficacy. Hence, it is necessary to develop a safer and nontoxic route towards synthesizing biocompatible nanomaterials while retaining morphology, high yield, and monodispersity. In this regard, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and carrageenan as capping agent for nanoparticles can ensure the safety. Carrageenan has the potential to act as antibacterial and antiviral agent, and adds enhanced stability to the nanoparticles. This leads to a multidimensional approach for utilizing safe nanomaterials for advanced biomedical and clinical applications.
等离子体金属纳米粒子因其独特的光学和化学性质而被广泛应用于许多领域。在过去十年中，各向异性金属纳米粒子已被用于成像、传感和诊断应用。在纳米尺度上调节金属纳米粒子尺寸和形状的变化性和灵活性使其成为治疗、诊断和药物递送等生物医学应用的有前景的候选者。然而，由于其细胞毒性，用于临床目的的纳米材料的安全性和风险评估尚未进行。毒性问题主要归因于传统的合成路线，该路线涉及使用表面活性剂作为结构导向剂和纳米粒子的封端剂。湿化学方法使用有毒的辅助化学品。然而，该方法可产生单分散纳米粒子，这是其预期应用的一个基本标准，也是使用植物提取物进行纳米粒子绿色合成的一个限制。几种生物相容性对应物，如聚合物、脂质和壳聚糖基纳米粒子，已成功用于合成安全的纳米材料，但存在可重复性和产率方面的问题。酶促降解是限制其功效的因素之一。因此，有必要开发一种更安全、无毒的路线来合成生物相容性纳米材料，同时保持其形态、高产率和单分散性。在这方面，深共熔溶剂（DESs）和角叉菜胶作为纳米粒子的封端剂可以确保安全性。角叉菜胶有潜力作为抗菌和抗病毒剂，并增强纳米粒子的稳定性。这导致了一种利用安全纳米材料用于先进生物医学和临床应用的多维方法。
