Too Lay Khoon, Simunovic Matthew P
Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Sep 29;9:749131. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749131. eCollection 2021.
Over the past two decades, progress in our understanding of glial function has been revolutionary. Within the retina, a subset of glial cells termed the "Müller glia (MG)," have been demonstrated to play key roles in retinal homeostasis, structure and metabolism. Additionally, MG have also been shown to possess the regenerative capacity that varies across species. In teleost fish, MG respond to injury by reprogramming into stem-like cells capable of regenerating lost tissue. The expression of stem/progenitor cell markers has been demonstrated broadly in mammalian MG, including human MG, but their regenerative capacity appears evolutionarily limited. Advances in stem cell therapy have progressively elucidated critical mechanisms underlying innate MG reprogramming in teleost fish, which have shown promising results when applied to rodents. Furthermore, when cultured , MG from mammals can differentiate into several retina cell types. In this review, we will explore the reparative and regenerative potential of MG in cellular therapy approaches, and outline our current understanding of embryonic retinal development, the stem-cell potential of MG in adult vertebrate retina (including human), and microenvironmental cues that guide MG reprogramming.
在过去二十年中，我们对神经胶质细胞功能的理解取得了革命性进展。在视网膜内，一类被称为“穆勒胶质细胞（MG）”的神经胶质细胞已被证明在视网膜内环境稳定、结构和代谢中发挥关键作用。此外，MG还被证明具有因物种而异的再生能力。在硬骨鱼中，MG通过重新编程成为能够再生受损组织的干细胞样细胞来应对损伤。干细胞/祖细胞标志物的表达已在包括人类MG在内的哺乳动物MG中广泛得到证实，但其再生能力在进化上似乎受到限制。干细胞治疗的进展逐步阐明了硬骨鱼先天性MG重编程的关键机制，这些机制应用于啮齿动物时已显示出有前景的结果。此外，当进行培养时，来自哺乳动物的MG可分化为几种视网膜细胞类型。在本综述中，我们将探讨MG在细胞治疗方法中的修复和再生潜力，并概述我们目前对胚胎视网膜发育、成年脊椎动物视网膜（包括人类）中MG的干细胞潜力以及指导MG重编程的微环境线索的理解。
