Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Laboratory of Biological Evaluation of Human Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Nutrients. 2021 Dec 16;13(12):4499. doi: 10.3390/nu13124499.
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are diseases which affect the myoskeletal system and often occur in older adults. They are characterized by low bone density and loss of muscle mass and strength, factors which reduce the quality of life and mobility. Recently, apart from pharmaceutical interventions, many studies have focused on non-pharmaceutical approaches for the prevention of osteoporosis and sarcopenia with exercise and nutrition to being the most important and well studied of those. The purpose of the current narrative review is to describe the role of exercise and nutrition on prevention of osteoporosis and sarcopenia in older adults and to define the incidence of osteosarcopenia. Most of the publications which were included in this review show that resistance and endurance exercises prevent the development of osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Furthermore, protein and vitamin D intake, as well as a healthy diet, present a protective role against the development of the above bone diseases. However, current scientific data are not sufficient for reaching solid conclusions. Although the roles of exercise and nutrition on osteoporosis and sarcopenia seem to have been largely evaluated in literature over the recent years, most of the studies which have been conducted present high heterogeneity and small sample sizes. Therefore, they cannot reach final conclusions. In addition, osteosarcopenia seems to be caused by the effects of osteoporosis and sarcopenia on elderly. Larger meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials are needed designed based on strict inclusion criteria, in order to describe the exact role of exercise and nutrition on osteoporosis and sarcopenia.
骨质疏松症和肌肉减少症是影响肌肉骨骼系统的疾病，通常发生在老年人中。它们的特征是骨密度低和肌肉质量和力量丧失，这些因素降低了生活质量和活动能力。最近，除了药物干预外，许多研究还集中在非药物方法上，以预防骨质疏松症和肌肉减少症，其中运动和营养是最重要和研究最多的方法。本综述的目的是描述运动和营养在预防老年人骨质疏松症和肌肉减少症中的作用，并定义骨肌减少症的发生率。本综述中纳入的大多数出版物表明，抗阻和耐力运动可预防骨质疏松症和肌肉减少症的发生。此外，蛋白质和维生素 D 的摄入以及健康的饮食对预防上述骨骼疾病具有保护作用。然而，目前的科学数据还不足以得出确凿的结论。尽管近年来，运动和营养在骨质疏松症和肌肉减少症中的作用在文献中得到了广泛评估，但大多数已发表的研究存在高度异质性和样本量小的问题。因此，它们无法得出最终结论。此外，骨肌减少症似乎是由骨质疏松症和肌肉减少症对老年人的影响引起的。需要设计基于严格纳入标准的大型荟萃分析和随机对照试验，以描述运动和营养对骨质疏松症和肌肉减少症的确切作用。
