Khor Sook Mei, Choi Joonhwa, Won Phillip, Ko Seung Hwan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Jan 10;12(2):221. doi: 10.3390/nano12020221.
Recently, several studies have been conducted on wearable biosensors. Despite being skin-adhesive and mountable diagnostic devices, flexible biosensor patches cannot truly be considered wearable biosensors if they need to be connected to external instruments/processors to provide meaningful data/readings. A realistic and usable wearable biosensor should be self-contained, with a fully integrated device framework carefully designed and configured to provide reliable and intelligent diagnostics. There are several major challenges to achieving continuous sweat monitoring in real time for the systematic and effective management of type II diabetes (e.g., prevention, screening, monitoring, and treatment) through wearable sweat glucose biosensors. Consequently, further in-depth research regarding the exact interrelationship between active or passive sweat glucose and blood glucose is required to assess the applicability of wearable glucose biosensors in functional health monitoring. This review provides some useful insights that can enable effective critical studies of these unresolved issues. In this review, we first classify wearable glucose biosensors based on their signal transduction, their respective challenges, and the advanced strategies required to overcome them. Subsequently, the challenges and limitations of enzymatic and non-enzymatic wearable glucose biosensors are discussed and compared. Ten basic criteria to be considered and fulfilled in the development of a suitable, workable, and wearable sweat-based glucose biosensor are listed, based on scientific reports from the last five years. We conclude with our outlook for the controllable, well-defined, and non-invasive monitoring of epidermal glucose for maximum diagnostic potential in the effective management of type II diabetes.
最近，人们对可穿戴生物传感器进行了多项研究。尽管柔性生物传感器贴片是皮肤粘附式且可安装的诊断设备，但如果它们需要连接到外部仪器/处理器才能提供有意义的数据/读数，那么就不能真正被视为可穿戴生物传感器。一个现实且可用的可穿戴生物传感器应该是独立的，具有经过精心设计和配置的完全集成的设备框架，以提供可靠且智能的诊断。通过可穿戴汗液葡萄糖生物传感器对II型糖尿病进行系统有效的管理（如预防、筛查、监测和治疗），要实现实时连续汗液监测存在几个主要挑战。因此，需要进一步深入研究主动或被动汗液葡萄糖与血糖之间的确切相互关系，以评估可穿戴葡萄糖生物传感器在功能健康监测中的适用性。本综述提供了一些有用的见解，能够对这些未解决的问题进行有效的批判性研究。在本综述中，我们首先根据可穿戴葡萄糖生物传感器的信号转导、各自面临的挑战以及克服这些挑战所需的先进策略对其进行分类。随后，讨论并比较了酶促和非酶促可穿戴葡萄糖生物传感器的挑战和局限性。基于过去五年的科学报告，列出了开发合适、可行且可穿戴的基于汗液的葡萄糖生物传感器时需要考虑和满足的十个基本标准。我们以对表皮葡萄糖进行可控、明确且无创监测的展望作为结尾，以期在II型糖尿病的有效管理中发挥最大诊断潜力。
