Institute for Electronics Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 9, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
Sensors (Basel). 2022 Jan 6;22(2):425. doi: 10.3390/s22020425.
Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. In this paper, electrochemical and electromagnetic non-invasive blood glucose monitoring approaches will be discussed. Thereby, scientific sensor systems are compared to commercial devices by validating the sensor principle and investigating their performance utilizing the Clarke error grid. Additionally, the opportunities to enhance the overall accuracy and stability of non-invasive glucose sensing and even predict blood glucose development to avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia using post-processing and sensor fusion are presented. Overall, the scientific approaches show a comparable accuracy in the Clarke error grid to that of the commercial ones. However, they are in different stages of development and, therefore, need improvement regarding parameter optimization, temperature dependency, or testing with blood under real conditions. Moreover, the size of scientific sensing solutions must be further reduced for a wearable monitoring system.
糖尿病是一种慢性疾病，根据现有技术，是一种无法治愈的疾病。因此，为了治疗糖尿病，定期监测血糖至关重要，因为必须降低高血糖和低血糖的风险和发生率。如今，常用的方法是通过刺破皮肤使用血糖仪或连续血糖监测，这被归类为有创监测。近几十年来，非侵入性监测已被视为一个主要的研究领域。本文将讨论电化学和电磁非侵入式血糖监测方法。通过验证传感器原理并利用 Clarke 误差网格研究其性能，将科学的传感器系统与商业设备进行比较。此外，还介绍了通过后处理和传感器融合来提高非侵入性血糖感测的整体准确性和稳定性，甚至预测血糖发展以避免高血糖和低血糖的机会。总的来说，科学方法在 Clarke 误差网格中的准确性与商业方法相当。然而，它们处于不同的发展阶段，因此需要在参数优化、温度依赖性或在实际条件下用血液进行测试方面进行改进。此外，科学感测解决方案的尺寸必须进一步减小，以实现可穿戴监测系统。
