Washington University-St. Louis, St. Louis, USA.
The Pennsylvania State University, State College, USA.
Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2022 Mar;25(1):110-129. doi: 10.1007/s10567-022-00391-7. Epub 2022 Feb 23.
The intergenerational transmission of psychopathology is one of the strongest known risk factors for childhood disorder and may be a malleable target for prevention and intervention. Anxious parents have distinct parenting profiles that impact socioemotional development, and these parenting effects may result in broad alterations to the biological and cognitive functioning of their children. Better understanding the functional mechanisms by which parental risk is passed on to children can provide (1) novel markers of risk for socioemotional difficulties, (2) specific targets for intervention, and (3) behavioral and biological indices of treatment response. We propose a developmental model in which dyadic social dynamics serve as a key conduit in parent-to-child transmission of anxiety. Dyadic social dynamics capture the moment-to-moment interactions between parent and child that occur on a daily basis. In shaping the developmental trajectory from familial risk to actual symptoms, dyadic processes act on mechanisms of risk that are evident prior to, and in the absence of, any eventual disorder onset. First, we discuss dyadic synchrony or the moment-to-moment coordination between parent and child within different levels of analysis, including neural, autonomic, behavioral, and emotional processes. Second, we discuss how overt emotion modeling of distress is observed and internalized by children and later reflected in their own behavior. Thus, unlike synchrony, this is a more sequential process that cuts across levels of analysis. We also discuss maladaptive cognitive and affective processing that is often evident with increases in child anxiety symptoms. Finally, we discuss additional moderators (e.g., parent sex, child fearful temperament) that may impact dyadic processes. Our model is proposed as a conceptual framework for testing hypotheses regarding dynamic processes that may ultimately guide novel treatment approaches aimed at intervening on dyadically linked biobehavioral mechanisms before symptom onset.
精神病理学的代际传递是儿童障碍最强的已知风险因素之一，它可能是预防和干预的一个可塑目标。焦虑的父母有独特的育儿方式，这些育儿方式会影响孩子的社会情感发展，而这些育儿方式可能导致孩子的生物和认知功能发生广泛改变。更好地理解父母的风险是如何传递给孩子的功能机制，可以提供 (1) 社会情感困难的新风险标志物，(2) 干预的具体目标，以及 (3) 治疗反应的行为和生物学指标。我们提出了一个发展模型，其中二元社会动态作为焦虑从父母到孩子传递的关键渠道。二元社会动态捕捉了父母和孩子之间每天发生的瞬间互动。在塑造从家庭风险到实际症状的发展轨迹时，二元过程作用于风险机制，这些风险机制在任何最终疾病发作之前和没有任何最终疾病发作的情况下就已经存在。首先，我们讨论了二元同步性，即在不同的分析水平上，父母和孩子之间的瞬间协调，包括神经、自主、行为和情绪过程。其次，我们讨论了痛苦的明显情绪模型是如何被孩子观察和内化的，以及后来如何反映在他们自己的行为中。因此，与同步性不同，这是一个更具序列性的过程，跨越了分析水平。我们还讨论了适应性认知和情感处理，这些通常在孩子焦虑症状增加时明显存在。最后，我们讨论了其他调节因素（例如，父母性别、孩子恐惧气质），这些因素可能会影响二元过程。我们的模型被提议作为一个概念框架，用于测试关于可能最终指导旨在在症状出现之前干预二元相关生物行为机制的新治疗方法的动态过程的假设。
