Agrotechnology and Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India.
AcSIR-Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
Sci Rep. 2022 Jun 15;12(1):9978. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13511-8.
Anethole, a widely used industrial flavoring agent is majorly sourced from anise and star anise. The present study is aimed to the in-depth pharmacological analysis i.e. anti-diabetic, skin whitening, neurodegenerative disorder inhibitory activities of anethole-rich Clausena heptaphylla leaf essential oil (ARCHEO) (88.59%) as revealed by the Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis and further confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance H-NMR as well as to compare with standard compound anethole. ARCHEO (ABTS EC 6.97 ± 0.004 µg/mL; Protease assay 4.51 ± 0.004 µg/mL) outperformed the standard compound anethole (ABTS EC 9.48 ± 0.048 µg/mL; Protease assay EC 22.64 ± 0.016 µg/mL) in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory experiments. ARCHEO was also shown to be more effective than the reference compound anethole in terms of anti-diabetic activity (EC 22.35 ± 0.121 µg/mL), tyrosinase inhibitory activity (EC 16.45 ± 0.012 µg/mL), and anti-cholinesterase activity (EC 22.32 ± 0.016 µg/mL). However, ARCHEO exhibited lower antimicrobial activity towards all the tested microbes compared to standard compound anethole and as for the MIC, ARCHEO was effective only towards Salmonella typhimurium (60 µg/mL), Streptococcus mutans (20 µg/mL), and Aspergillus fumigatus (75 µg/mL). ARCHEO (11.11%) and anethole (12.33%) showed no genotoxic effect based on Allium cepa assay mitotic index value. Thus, ARCHEO could be a commercially viable and widely available cheaper source of anethole, which has buoyant demand in the field of food flavoring, fragrance, and pharmaceutical industries.
大茴香脑是一种广泛使用的工业调味剂，主要来源于八角和大茴香。本研究旨在深入分析其药理学活性，即通过气相色谱/质谱 (GC/MS) 分析发现，富含大茴香脑的山胡椒叶精油（ARCHEO）（88.59%）具有抗糖尿病、皮肤美白、抑制神经退行性疾病的活性，并通过质子核磁共振氢谱（1H-NMR）进一步证实，并与标准化合物大茴香脑进行比较。ARCHEO（ABTS EC 6.97 ± 0.004 µg/mL；蛋白酶测定 4.51 ± 0.004 µg/mL）在抗氧化和抗炎实验中优于标准化合物大茴香脑（ABTS EC 9.48 ± 0.048 µg/mL；蛋白酶测定 EC 22.64 ± 0.016 µg/mL）。ARCHEO 在抗糖尿病活性（EC 22.35 ± 0.121 µg/mL）、酪氨酸酶抑制活性（EC 16.45 ± 0.012 µg/mL）和抗胆碱酯酶活性（EC 22.32 ± 0.016 µg/mL）方面也比参考化合物大茴香脑更有效。然而，与标准化合物大茴香脑相比，ARCHEO 对所有测试的微生物的抗菌活性较低，而且在 MIC 方面，ARCHEO 仅对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（60 µg/mL）、变形链球菌（20 µg/mL）和烟曲霉（75 µg/mL）有效。根据洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂指数值，ARCHEO（11.11%）和大茴香脑（12.33%）均没有遗传毒性作用。因此，ARCHEO 可能是一种商业上可行且广泛可用的更便宜的大茴香脑来源，在食品调味、香料和制药行业具有巨大的需求。
