Abid Muhammad, Wang Zupeng, Feng Chen, Luo Juan, Zhang Yi, Tu Jing, Cai Xinxia, Gao Puxin
Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China.
Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
Plants (Basel). 2022 Jun 21;11(13):1633. doi: 10.3390/plants11131633.
Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) encode plant-specific transcription factors that play a vital role in regulation of plant growth, development, and stress response. Although GRFs have been identified in various plants, there is no reported work available in (commonly known as kiwifruit) so far. In the present study, we identified 22 genes on (hereafter is referred to as Ac, and GRF genes in are referred to as ) distributed on 17 chromosomes and one contig, and 26 genes in (hereafter is referred to as Ae, and GRF genes in are referred to as ) distributed on 21 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that kiwifruit GRF proteins were clustered into five distinct groups. Additionally, kiwifruit showed motif composition and gene structure similarities within the same group. Synteny analysis showed that whole-genome duplication played a key role in the expansion of the GRF family in kiwifruit. The higher expression levels of kiwifruit in young tissues and under stress conditions indicated their regulatory role in kiwifruit growth and development. We observed two genes in Ae (, ) and two genes in Ac (, ) significantly upregulated in different RNA-seq datasets. The presence of conserved protein structures and cis-regulatory elements caused functional divergence in duplicated gene pairs. The subcellular localization indicated the presence of kiwifruit in the nucleus of the plant cell. Protein-protein interaction analysis predicted GIF protein orthologs for GRFs and GRFs. Taken together, we systematically analyzed the characterization of kiwifruit GRF family members for their potential role in kiwifruit development and pv. () invasion response. Further functional studies of kiwifruit GRFs in plant growth, development, and stress response will provide valuable insights for kiwifruit breeders.
生长调节因子（GRFs）编码植物特异性转录因子，在植物生长、发育和应激反应调控中发挥着至关重要的作用。尽管已在多种植物中鉴定出GRFs，但迄今为止，在（通常称为猕猴桃）中尚无相关报道。在本研究中，我们在（以下简称Ac，猕猴桃中的GRF基因称为）上鉴定出22个基因，分布在17条染色体和1个重叠群上，在（以下简称Ae，猕猴桃中的GRF基因称为）中鉴定出26个基因，分布在21条染色体上。系统发育分析表明，猕猴桃GRF蛋白可分为五个不同的组。此外，猕猴桃在同一组内显示出基序组成和基因结构的相似性。共线性分析表明，全基因组复制在猕猴桃GRF家族的扩张中起关键作用。猕猴桃在幼嫩组织和应激条件下的较高表达水平表明它们在猕猴桃生长发育中的调控作用。我们观察到Ae中的两个基因（，）和Ac中的两个基因（，）在不同的RNA测序数据集中显著上调。保守蛋白质结构和顺式调控元件的存在导致了重复基因对的功能分化。亚细胞定位表明猕猴桃存在于植物细胞核中。蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用分析预测了GRFs和GRFs的GIF蛋白直系同源物。综上所述，我们系统地分析了猕猴桃GRF家族成员的特征，以了解它们在猕猴桃发育和丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种（）侵染反应中的潜在作用。对猕猴桃GRFs在植物生长、发育和应激反应方面的进一步功能研究将为猕猴桃育种者提供有价值的见解。
